general description
The history of elm goes back several million years, so the tree belongs to the relict species. Trees grow both singly and as part of mixed forests; they prefer fertile soils, but also grow well on poor soils. Elms do not suffer from a lack of sunlight; growing to a height of 40 m, they themselves create shade for low-growing plants. The elm trunk reaches two meters in diameter, but there are low-growing varieties that are close to shrubs.
The trunks of young trees are covered with smooth light brown bark; older trees can be distinguished by their dark, rough bark with deep vertical grooves. Due to the fact that elm bark is very gnarled, insect pests or parasitic fungi easily settle in it.
Elm leaves cannot be confused with others : they are jagged, oval in shape, and lined with relief parallel stripes from the center to the sides. The size of the leaves is 4−20 cm, the arrangement is alternate on short cuttings. With the arrival of autumn, the dark green color of the foliage gives way to red-brown hues, and yellowed leaves fall off very quickly.
Flowering and fruiting of the tree occur in April, when the leaves have not blossomed.
Small yellowish flowers are collected in bunches, the fruits are winged nuts. The ripening of the fruits ends at the end of May, and the dry lionfish are carried with a rustling sound throughout the area by the wind. When placed in favorable soil, the seeds germinate within a few days.
Answers to crossword of the day No. 23362 from Odnoklassniki
23361 23363
Horizontally: — Elm when it grows in Central Asia — Hostility in a communal apartment — A furious wind — A torpedo-shaped relative of the octopus — A device for transforming wool — Man-Bat from the film — One of the approaches to the barbell — Borders only with South Africa — Main component of cottage cheese and cheese - Fig or wine berry - Lack of culture (about a person) - “Mobile” sand hill - Bern is Switzerland, and Apia - Cognac native to the Greeks - Admiral who built Odessa - Preparation of a trench, pit, grave - Ancient Roman battle three-sail ship - “Unequal Marriage” (Russian artist)
Vertical: - American film director, director of the film Gangs of New York - The name of the godfather from the film of the same name - Poorly flying parrot of New Zealand - The most athletic mountains in Europe - An insensitive person - Utopian, dreamer and inventor - The heroine of “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears” - Film on cooled liquid - Light sweatpants - Change the letters in the word "ocquinta" by rearranging the letters - The main part of the carburetor - Where is the Sahara Desert - A wretched house, a shack - Soviet comedian Tamara .. - Non-residential building in the courtyard - Singing in a low voice - Dedicated in knowledge
KARAGACH - 1. Southern deciduous tree of the elm family. 2. Wood from such a tree.
Squabble - 1. Quarrel, hostile relationship based on petty intrigues, struggle of personal interests. 2. transfer local Anxiety, worries, worry.
HURRICANE - 1. Wind of enormous destructive power. // transfer The destructive development of smth. // transfer Violent manifestation of smth. 2. Tropical cyclone with such wind.
SQUID - 1. A marine animal of the cephalopod class with a torpedo-shaped body and long tentacles. 2. Meat of such an animal used for food.
SPINNING WHEELS - A device for hand spinning, driven by a foot pedal.
ATTEMPT - An action aimed at accomplishing or achieving something. and associated with some risk and uncertainty of success.
CASEIN is a protein substance formed during the coagulation of milk and used in the food industry, medicine, for the production of paints, adhesives, plastics, etc.
FIG - 1. Subtropical fruit tree of the mulberry family with fleshy, bulb-shaped fruits; fig tree, fig tree. 2. The fruits of such a tree; wine berries. 3. Wood from such a tree.
IGNORANT - and - A person who does not know decency, is rude, discourteous.
DUNES - see dunes.
TRIREME - An ancient Roman warship built on the model of an ancient Greek trireme.
CHURBAK - colloquial. Same as: block.
CHURBAK - up-down. Same as: block.
FOAM - 1. A dense film on the surface of a cooling or cooled liquid, such as milk. 2. Foamy top layer of syrup when making jam.
FOAM - 1. A light, fire-resistant porous mineral, usually used for making smoking pipes. 2. A product made from such a mineral.
FOAM - 1. Same as: warbler.
TRIKO avg. several 1. Woolen or wool blend fabric with patterned weaving for outerwear. 2. Knitted clothing that fits tightly to the body. 3. Knitted women's trousers made of this fabric.
Muteness - 1. Lack of speech, inability to speak. 2. transfer Silence, complete silence.
VATNIK - colloquial. Quilted cotton jacket.
HIBARA - colloquial. 1. Poor house; shack. 2. Smb. a very modest home.
BARN - 1. Covered utility room. 2. transfer decomposition Ugly building. 3. transfer decomposition Large uncomfortable room.
MOTIVE - 1. The motivating reason, the reason for something. action.
MOTIVE - 1. The simplest rhythmic unit of melody, usually consisting of two or three sounds, united by one logical accent (in music). // Melody, tune. 2. The simplest component of the plot. 3. A characteristic element that is constantly used in some way. image (ornament, painting, embroidery, etc.). // Lace or embroidered pattern sewn onto fabric.
ADEPT - A follower of something. teachings, smb. ideas.
Types of elms
Elms are long-lived trees; they can grow for three hundred years. About ten varieties of elm grow on the territory of Russia; the most common types you can find are:
- Smooth elm (common). The height of the tree does not exceed 25 m, the trunk is dark brown, embossed. The leaves are large, 15 cm long, about 10 cm wide, and have crescent-shaped teeth along the edges. A distinctive feature of the common elm is the color of the leaves: they are dark green on the upper side, light green on the lower side, with a small edge. The flowers of the tree have a brownish-violet hue.
- Squat elm. From the name it is clear that the tree differs from its relatives in its small size - the tree does not grow higher than 15 m, and often grows in the form of a bush. Other names for this species are elm, small-leaved elm. The leaves are small (4−7 cm), soft green in spring, dark green in summer. The flowers are small, yellowish-brown.
- Rough elm. It grows only on fertile soils and is often found in mixed forests. The bark of the rough elm is smoother than that of other representatives of the genus, the trunk is straight, up to 40 m high. The leaves are large (up to 20 cm), light green, rough.
Varieties
Prized for the high resistance of some clones to Dutch elm disease, more than a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental varieties, although some may no longer be grown:
- Ansaloni
- Aurea = Beijing Gold™
- Aurescens
- Chinkota
- Dropmore
- Gnome Weeping
- Green King
- Hansen
- Harbin
- Manchurian
- Mauro
- Nozzles
- Mister Buzz
- Park Royal
- Pendula
- Pinnato Ramosa
- Poort Bulten
- Puszta
- Pyramidalis Fiorei
- Zhonghua Jingye
Some authorities consider the cultivar 'Berardia' to be a form of Ulmus pumila
.[51][52] For a 19th-century variety called 'Siberian elm' from Castle Nurseries, Nottingham, see 'Nottingham elm'.
Application of wood
Elm wood is very dense, density indicators are about 600 kg/m3. A beautiful texture is visible on the cut of the trunk, the core is light brown, the underbark is pale yellow in color. Elm wood is resistant to rotting and deformation , is difficult to split or saw, and is highly polished.
Due to its properties, elm wood has long been used for the production of wheel rims, dishes, and rocker arms. The material was also used in the construction of bridges and dams, and in equipping mines and cellars. Currently, elm wood is used in the form of veneer for artistic decoration of premises.
Elm is used to make parquet, wooden furniture parts, frames, and panels. Often the material is combined with lower quality wood species to give a more aesthetic appearance to the products.
Hybrid varieties
- U.
'Andross',
Ulmus × arbuscula
,
U.
'Elm'
This species has been extensively hybridized in the United States and Italy to create robust, more natural-looking trees with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease:
- Arno, Cathedral, Cold Shadow, Fiorente, Manor, Lincoln, Morton Plainsman = Vanguard, Morton Stalwart = Gratitude, New Horizon, Plinio, Regal, Rosehill, San Zanobi, Urban, Willis, Dutch Clone '260' (not available for sale) ).
Medicinal properties
The medicinal properties of elm are little known, but people who have tried to be treated with decoctions and infusions from the bark and leaves of the tree always keep prepared dry elm raw materials at home. The chemical composition of elm leaves and bark is varied : it contains ascorbic acid, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolcarboxylic acids.
Elm infusions and decoctions reduce inflammation, have an antibacterial effect, and accelerate wound healing. Plant extracts are used to treat diseases of the kidneys, skin, musculoskeletal system, heart and blood vessels, and thyroid gland. A decoction of elm bark is used to gargle for sore throats, and tea from the leaves is drunk for constipation. For hemorrhoids and kidney diseases, baths with the addition of bark decoction are useful. The infusion is used as a lotion for skin rashes and difficult-to-heal wounds.
When treating with infusions and decoctions of elm bark and leaves, it must be taken into account that plant materials can cause hypersensitivity reactions, which manifest themselves in the form of allergies. You also need to understand that not all diseases can be cured with traditional methods; if symptoms worsen, you should definitely see a doctor.
Planting a tree and caring for it
It is very easy to grow elm in your garden due to the high germination of seeds in the first few days after ripening. Every day the ability to germinate is lost, so you need to not miss the moment when the seeds fall from the tree.
Basic tips for growing elm:
- It is recommended to treat the collected seeds with a fungicidal solution before sowing - this increases the likelihood that future shoots will be healthy and viable. The seeds are wrapped in damp gauze or cotton wool for germination; when sprouts appear after 2-3 days, they are transferred to a container with soil. Ideally, if chernozem is used for planting, you can mix humus with leaf soil.
- Sprouted seeds are planted to a depth of 1-2 cm; a distance of at least 25 cm should be maintained between adjacent sprouts. You must constantly ensure that the soil does not dry out; to maintain moisture, the soil is mulched with moss or hay.
- After 10-14 days, the young trees will have taken root sufficiently and will be able to extract moisture from the deeper layers of the soil, so the covering material can be removed. Plants are placed on the sunny side, and in calm weather they are taken out to the balcony or garden. By next spring, the young trees will reach a height of 20-25 cm and can be planted in open ground.
- Until the trees get stronger, they need to be protected from strong winds and covered with agrofibre for the winter to protect them from frost and rodents. If the elm is planted in poor soil, it needs to be fertilized with organic fertilizers for the first few years. The soil around the tree must be periodically loosened and its moisture monitored.
- For the first 2-3 years, the crown of the tree is not pruned so that it grows as much as possible. Later, pruning can be done, giving the elm an aesthetic appearance.
- If pests or fungal diseases are detected on the bark and leaves, insecticidal and fungicidal treatment is carried out with products that are sold in agricultural stores. Due to the fact that young trees have smoother bark, it is much easier to cure them of fungus and insect pests.
Planting elms in garden plots is an excellent way of landscaping and strengthening the soil, preventing it from slipping and weathering. The only thing that needs to be taken into account when planting is the type of elm and its future size, since tall and spreading trees are not suitable for small areas.
