Maple is a very common tree in Russia and Europe. It is often planted in park areas, where it gets along well with oak trees. Landscape designers love maple for its fast growth and frost resistance. This makes it possible to grow these trees even in northern latitudes, where they take root well. A distinctive feature of maple is the diversity of its species and the beauty of its leaves. They delight with their patterns and colors. Autumn maple leaves are especially solemnly beautiful. Descriptions of such bouquets can often be found in literary works. Not only writers, but also schoolchildren are interested in this tree. In 6th grade biology, close attention was paid to the description of a maple leaf. Children study its structure in a special section of the textbook. In this article we will provide a description and photo of maple leaves, and also talk a little about the species diversity of this beautiful tree.
Leaf parts
The leaves consist of a leaf blade and a petiole (Fig. 123).
Leaf blade
The leaf blade performs the main functions of the leaf.
petiole
At the bottom, the leaf blade passes into the petiole - the narrowed stem-like part of the leaf. With the help of a petiole, the leaf is attached to the stem. Such leaves are called petiolate. Petiolate leaves are found in linden, birch, cherry, maple, and apple.
Aloe, cloves, flax, tradescantia, and lungwort have leaves without petioles. Such leaves are called sessile (see Fig. 123). They are attached to the stem by the base of the leaf blade.
In some plants (rye, wheat, etc.), the base of the leaf grows and covers the stem (Fig. 125). Such an overgrown base gives the stem greater strength.
Stipules
In some plants, at the base of the petioles there are stipules that look like films, scales, or small leaves (Fig. 124). The main function of stipules is to protect young developing leaves. In peas, spring cherry and many other plants, stipules remain throughout the life of the leaf and perform the function of photosynthesis. In linden, birch, and oak, filmy stipules fall off at the young leaf stage. In some plants, for example in white acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), the stipules are modified into spines and perform a protective function, protecting the plants from damage by animals.
Benefits of maple
Of course, first of all, maples are valued for their beauty. After all, these trees delight with openwork leaves, unusual trunk color and incredibly bright shades of the crown in the autumn. You can admire the maple for a long time, so landscape designers often plant it separately from other trees, thereby creating a certain accent.
Since time immemorial, musical instruments have been made from maple wood. There are many ancient violins created by the hands of great masters, which were once a beautiful and strong tree with a spreading crown.
In the USA, maple is often used to make baseball bats and bowling pins. They are durable and easy to care for.
Types of sheet
Simple sheet
Linden, aspen, lilac, and wheat leaves have only one leaf blade. Such leaves are called simple.
The shape of the leaf blades is varied: in aspen it is round, in lilac and linden it is heart-shaped, in wheat and barley it is linear, etc. (Fig. 126).
The leaf blades of oak and maple are divided into lobes by cutouts and are called lobed (Fig. 127). Dandelion leaves are separate, their cuts are deeper. The cutouts of the dissected leaves of yarrow and wormwood reach almost to the middle of the leaf.
Complex sheet
Rowan, chestnut, acacia, strawberry, clover, and lupine have compound leaves (Fig. 128). They have several leaf blades that are attached to one main petiole by small petioles. During leaf fall, complex leaves do not fall off entirely: first the leaves fall off, then the petioles.
Where does maple grow?
Maples are considered one of the most common trees on the planet. They grow in the northern regions of Europe, North America and even in the tropics. Botanists say that even on the African continent there is one type of maple.
About twenty varieties of this tree grow in our country. It is noteworthy that maples very rarely form dense thickets. They prefer to grow alone, but sometimes form small groups.
Maples feel best in mountainous areas. They can be found even at an altitude of three thousand meters above sea level. Therefore, many types of maple grow in the Caucasus, where botanists count more than eleven of them.
Japanese maple is listed in the Red Book. This magnificent tree immediately strikes the imagination with its unusual appearance. In the biology textbook, the description of the maple leaf is given in great detail, including a mention of the Red Book tree.
Leaf venation
The veins are clearly visible on the underside of the leaf blades. These are conductive bundles of leaves (Fig. 129). They consist of conductive and mechanical fabrics. The arrangement of vascular bundles in the leaves is called venation (Fig. 130).
Parallel venation
In iris, corn, and wheat, the veins are parallel to one another. This is parallel, or linear, venation.
Arc venation
Kupena, lily of the valley, and plantain have arcuate venation—the veins run in arcs along the leaf.
Reticulate venation
In birch, oak, and fields, the veins on the leaves form a network. At the same time, lateral veins extend from the large central vein, which also branch. This venation is called reticulate. Reticulate venation can be palmate or pinnate.
Palmate venation
With finger venation, several large veins extend radially from the base of the plate, like splayed fingers (maple, etc.). Material from the site https://wiki-med.com
Pinnate venation
With pinnate venation, one main vein is distinguished, from which branching lateral veins extend (birch, bird cherry, oak, poplar, etc.).
Description of the Norway maple plant and its leaves (with photo)
The Norway maple plant is a fairly large specimen of representatives of the maple family. At home, its height can reach approximately 30 meters. The crown of the plant is dense and dome-shaped. The bark on young branches is smooth to the touch and has a reddish tint, while on old branches it has small cracks and a grayish-brown color.
Starting the description of Norway maple, it is worth saying that this tree has characteristic large leaves of a rounded-angular shape with large sharp protrusions along the edge. Botanists call such leaves palmate-lobed. In autumn, maple leaves become very bright and beautiful: yellow, orange, reddish. At this time of year, some trees have fiery orange foliage and appear to be on fire. Maple leaves are good not only on trees, but also on the ground. Some of them are spotted, which gives them a special charm. It's hard to resist collecting a bouquet of these magnificent works of autumn nature. They are no less pleasing to the eye than bright spring flowers.
Look at the Norway maple in the photo and the description will immediately become voluminous and colorful, clearly illustrating all the decorative advantages of the crop:
The leaf of the Norway maple, like our other deciduous trees, is penetrated by numerous veins. They branch greatly and form a dense network. The veins have different thicknesses - from thick, clearly visible to the naked eye, to very thin, visible only with a sufficiently strong magnification. Leaf veins are pathways for the movement of plant juices. In one direction, water with dissolved mineral salts passes through them, which enters the leaf from the roots; in the other direction, a solution of sugar moves - a substance that is produced in the leaves during the process of photosynthesis. Of course, different fluids move through different channels. Water with mineral salts moves through vessels and tracheids, and a sugar solution moves through sieve tubes. But all these thinnest channels are usually located next door, in the same vein. How densely the veins penetrate the flesh of a maple leaf can be seen from the fact that in 1 cm2 of a leaf, the total length of all veins (thick and thin) averages about 80 cm.
Look what a Norway maple leaf looks like in the photo - it certainly deserves the right to be on the national flag of Canada:
During the flowering period, Norway maple is covered with yellow-green flowers, which are collected in corymbose inflorescences. Maple blooms in spring, but not very early. Its flowers bloom at a time when the tree is still almost bare, and small leaves have just appeared. A blooming maple is clearly visible even from afar: in the crown of the tree on bare branches you can see many greenish-yellow bunch-shaped inflorescences, similar to loose lumps. When you come closer to the tree, you feel the specific sourish-honey smell of the flowers. In maple, several types of flowers can be seen in the crown of the same tree. Some of them are sterile, others give rise to fruits. However, all flowers contain nectar and are readily visited by bees.
Almost immediately after flowering, seeds begin to ripen in large quantities on the tree, which, after full ripening, fall in large quantities around the mother trees in the fall. The thin, almost transparent wing tissue is reinforced with rigid veins. It is curious that maples “invented” the paired lionfish - its fruits are linked in twos. In the spring, a whole palisade of young seedlings sprouts under the mature maples. True, few of them survive the difficult struggle for life, which will be discussed below.
The tree tolerates both drought and prolonged frost very well. Reproduction occurs using seeds and cuttings.
The maple is notable for the fact that it is one of our few trees that has white milky sap. The secretion of such sap is characteristic almost exclusively of trees in warmer countries - subtropical and tropical. In temperate latitudes, such a phenomenon in trees is rare. To see the milky sap of a maple tree, you need to break the leaf petiole in the middle of its length. A drop of thick white liquid will soon appear at the rupture site. This is best observed soon after the leaves bloom - in late spring and early summer. It is interesting to note that the milky sap of the maple tree contains rubber. Maple is one of the good honey plants.
Look at the Norway maple in the photo of the tree used as a decoration for the garden plot:
Where does Norway maple grow?
This tree cannot be found in every forest. It most often grows in deciduous forests along with oak, linden and some other trees. Maple can often be seen in spruce-broadleaf forests. Its role in the forest is usually modest - it is only an admixture to the dominant tree species. Maple almost never forms independent clean groves: it is content with the role of a companion.
Community of little green men
Acer, Maple. Trees and shrubs with opposite buds and simple, usually palmate or entire or pinnately compound leaves without stipules. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (due to underdevelopment of the pistil or stamens). The fruits are lionfish with an elongated wing. Flowers in panicles or corymbs.
Etymology
The name is derived from the Latin acer - “sharp”, from the shape of the leaves with sharp blades.
Types and varieties of maple
The genus contains about 150 species, distributed in North America, Asia, Europe and North Africa, mainly in areas with temperate climates. There are 16 species growing in our country. About 40 species are used in ornamental gardening.
Types and varieties of maples
Norway maple, or sycamore maple (Acer platanoides)
Homeland - European Russia and the Caucasus.
Norway maple reaches a height of 30 m, the bark is fissured, at first dark gray, later turning black. It blooms in mid-May, at the same time as foliage.
The species is demanding on soils, does not tolerate stagnant moisture and salinity, and is wind-resistant.
USDA Zone 3 (4)
Norway maple, or sycamore maple, Acer platanoides
Decorative forms and varieties of Norway maple:
'Albescens' is a large deciduous tree with a broad oval crown, young leaves are creamy white, mature leaves are green;
'Bicolor' - young leaves are light yellow with cream strokes, later they turn pink;
‘Cleveland
' - characterized by a compact crown shape, when blooming the leaves are light red, then bright green, autumn color is yellow-orange;
'Columnare'
- up to 10 m high, with a columnar crown shape, characterized by a slow growth rate. The leaves are red when blooming, later dark green;
Plantain maple Crismon Sentry or Crimson Sentry is a slender tree, up to 7-8 m high with dark red leaves
'Crimson King' has purple leaves throughout the season;
'Drummondii' - a tree up to 5 m high, distinguished by a wide cream border on the leaves;
'Emerald Queen'
- up to 12-15 m high, distinguished by an oval crown shape and leaves that, when blooming, become light red, then acquire a dark green color, and light yellow in the fall;
'Faassen's Black' - young leaves are light red, mature leaves are dark purple (almost black);
'Fairview'
— the variety is distinguished by its pyramidal crown shape and dark green leaves;
'Farlakes Green'
— the variety is distinguished by a wide pyramidal crown, bright yellow autumn and dark green summer leaves;
'Fassen's Black'
— the variety is distinguished by a regular wide-pyramidal crown and large red-brown leaves;
'Globosum'
— the variety is distinguished by a dense, spherical crown shape;
'Maculatum' - low tree, young leaves with small white and pink strokes;
Norway maple or sycamore variety 'Royal Red' is distinguished by large, bright red leaves during the growing season
'Schwedleri'
— the variety is distinguished by shiny red young leaves that change color from bronze-green in summer to orange-copper in autumn;
'Variegatum' - young leaves with pink strokes, then they turn white.
Norway maple flowering
Field maple, or oaklen (Acer campestre)
Homeland - forest-steppe of the European part of Russia, Crimea and the Caucasus.
Tree or shrub up to 15 m high with a dense, spreading, tent-shaped crown. The bark is light gray, the shoots and buds are pubescent, the leaves are smaller than those of K. holly.
Field maple is shade-tolerant and drought-resistant. It is preferable to plant it in places protected from the wind. In winter hardiness it is inferior to Norway maple. It tolerates pruning better than other maples.
USDA Zone 3 (4)
Field maple, or oaklen, Acer campestre
Popular varieties of field maple:
'Albovariegatum' is usually a shrub, about 5 m tall with white-variegated leaves, yellow in autumn;
'Carnival' - young leaves with a wide pink border, then the border turns white;
'Elsrijk' - a tree, up to 8 m tall with a compact conical crown and small leaves;
'Red Shine' - tree up to 5 m tall with purple leaves;
'Postelense' is a low tree with a wide and low crown, the bark is brownish with longitudinal cracks, the leaves are first golden-yellow, then green, and yellow in autumn;
'Pulverulentum' - young leaves are creamy, mature leaves have a lot of white spots.
Maple mono, or small-leaved maple (Acer mono)
Far Eastern view.
A tree up to 15-20 m high with a dense and low crown, leaves smaller than those of Norway maple. Young branches are yellowish-gray, old ones are brown. The leaves are five-lobed, small, dense. The flowers are light yellow (May), collected in paniculate inflorescences. The fruits ripen in August. Autumn foliage color is bright yellow, orange and red.
The popular variety 'Marmoratum' is a low tree with a rounded crown, gray bark, leaves with white spots of various sizes, yellow in autumn.
USDA Zone 4
Mono maple, or small-leaved maple, Acer mono
Red maple, scarlet maple or swamp maple (Acer rubrum)
A fast-growing deciduous tree with a spreading tent-shaped crown, up to 15-20 m tall in cultivation, in nature up to 30-40 m. The bark is dark gray, young shoots are reddish. The leaves are five-lobed, reddish when blooming, and during the summer they are rich green on top and whitish on the underside. In autumn the foliage is bright orange.
Red maple is quite frost-resistant and undemanding to soil conditions. Grows well in urban conditions, on uncompacted soils. Not affected by powdery mildew.
Decorative varieties of red maple or swamp maple:
'Armstrong' - the variety is distinguished by a column-like crown shape and smaller foliage;
'Bowhall' - the variety is distinguished by a narrow pyramidal crown shape and bright orange foliage in autumn;
'Brandywine' - the variety is distinguished by its rich, even purple, foliage color in autumn;
'Karpik' - the variety is distinguished by the regular columnar shape of the crown and the bluish color of the foliage;
'Northwood' - the variety is distinguished by very bright autumn foliage color - red and orange;
'Autumn Flame' - variety has bright red autumn foliage;
'Red Sunset' - the variety is distinguished by a pyramidal crown shape and large purple leaves in autumn.
USDA Zone 4
Ginnala maple, or river maple (Acer ginnala)
Homeland - forests of the Far East.
Shrub or tree height from 2 to 5-7 m. The bark is brown. The leaves are oblong, three-lobed, pinkish when blooming, mature dark green, bright red or orange in autumn. The flowers are yellowish, fragrant. The fruits are lionfish, bright pink before ripening. The species is light-loving and frost-resistant.
The 'Flame' variety has an unusually beautiful autumn leaf color, and the 'Durand Dwarf' variety is only 50-60 cm high, the leaves are small, the autumn color is very bright.
USDA Zone 3
Ginnala maple, or river maple, Acer ginnala
Palm maple or fan maple (Acer palmatum)
Shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, with a round or umbrella-shaped crown. The leaves of this maple are strongly dissected, lobed, bare, up to 12 cm in diameter, very decorative: red when blooming, green in summer, purple in autumn.
It grows slowly, is demanding on soil and moisture, suffers from dry air, is quite thermophilic, and regularly freezes, sometimes to the level of snow. Prefers fertile, humus-rich, well-drained acidic or neutral soils. It is possible to grow in a container culture with winter maintenance at low positive temperatures.
USDA Zone 6 (7)
Fan maple variety 'Butterfly' is a low-growing variety with small, gray-green leaves with a white or pink border along the edges of the leaves. Can be used for winter shelter.
Popular varieties of palm maple:
'Aureum' - shrub up to 1 m tall, young leaves are light yellow with a reddish edge, yellow-green in summer, yellow in autumn;
'Atropurpureum' - about 2 m high with highly lobed, dark purple throughout the season;
'Dissectum' - a group of varieties in which the leaves are divided to the base into pinnately divided lobes: 'Dissectum Flavescens' - leaves are yellowish-green in summer and yellow in autumn;
'Deshojo' - maple is distinguished by the crimson-red color of young leaves, later they become light green;
'Okushimo' - the variety is distinguished by green foliage;
'Ornatum' - the variety is distinguished by the color of the leaf blade: red-brown - green-brown - fiery scarlet, depending on the season: spring - summer - autumn.
Sugar maple, or silver maple (Acer saccharinum)
A large North American tree with a tent-shaped, spreading crown in nature up to 40 m, in cultivation up to 25 m in height. The bark is light gray. The leaves are five-lobed, heavily indented, bright green, silvery-white underneath, turning light yellow or pinkish-orange in the fall. The flowers are greenish-yellow (April), the fruits ripen early.
It grows quickly, is shade-tolerant, and is quite undemanding to soil.
In their homeland, the sap of sugar maple and sugar maple is used for the industrial production of maple sugar.
USDA Zone 3 (4)
Sugar maple, or silver maple, Acer saccharinum
Popular varieties of sugar maple:
'Aureo-variegatum' is a deciduous tree with a wide spreading crown, the leaves are silvery below, with yellow strokes above, with an orange tint when blooming;
'Citreo-variegatum' - young leaves yellow-green;
'Vagneri' is a low-growing variety, the leaves are small, with a small white border;
'Hance's Variegated' has leaves with creamy white streaks.
Manchurian maple (Acer mandshuricum)
A slender tree up to 20 m high. The crown is openwork, usually raised high. The bark is gray, young shoots are red-brown, glabrous. The leaves are dark green, compound, trifoliate with reddish petioles. The flowers are greenish-yellow, collected in corymbose inflorescences. In summer the leaves are often reddish along the veins and along the edges, in autumn they are deep red. Blooms in May, bears fruit in September.
The species tolerates some shade, but develops better in sunny places. The soil is preferably fertile, the species is winter-hardy.
USDA Zone 4
Manchurian maple in autumn
Tatarian maple, black maple or non-maple (Acer tataricum)
Shrub or tree with a spreading crown, up to 9 m high. The bark is smooth, almost black. The trunk is gracefully curved. The leaves are entire, up to 10 cm long, dark green in summer, yellow or red in autumn. The flowers are white, collected in dense panicles. The fruits are lionfish, remain on the tree for a long time and are colored red in summer.
Tatarian maple is winter-hardy, drought-resistant and undemanding to soil conditions. Tolerates haircuts well.
USDA Zone 3
Tatarian maple or black maple
Flowering Tatarian maple
Greenbark maple (Acer tegmentosum)
This species grows in the Far Eastern taiga forests, China and Korea. It was introduced into culture in 1892.
A tall shrub or tree in nature up to 15 m high. The bark is smooth green with longitudinal whitish stripes. Leaves are up to 17 cm long, yellow in autumn. Blooms in the second decade of May. Flowering and fruiting begins at the age of 9 years.
Greenbark maple grows quite quickly, prefers sunny places, but also tolerates slight shading. Does not need pruning. Frost-resistant.
Greenbark maple
Blooming green maple
Ash-leaf maple, or American maple (Acer negundo)
Homeland - North America. This North American species has successfully adapted to the climatic conditions of Russia.
A tree up to 20 m tall, often multi-stemmed, with a wide spreading crown. The bark is light brown. The bark of young shoots is covered with a bluish waxy coating. The leaves are compound, consisting of 3–5 leaflets. It blooms in May, the fruits ripen in September.
The species is extremely unpretentious, light-loving, and undemanding to soils. It reproduces well by self-sowing and grows quickly and weeds at a young age.
USDA Zone 3
Popular forms and varieties of ash maple:
'Auratum' - tree up to 7-10 m tall, spreading crown, young foliage bronze, later lemon yellow;
'Elegans' - up to 5 m, young leaves with a bright yellow edge, adult leaves with white;
Ash-leaved maple variety Flamingo or Flamingo - up to 5 m tall, leaves with white and pink patterns
'Aureo-Variegatum' - the variety is distinguished by the color of the leaves: dark green with golden-yellow spots, light-loving;
'Odessanum' - bronze-colored leaves when blooming, later becoming bright, golden yellow;
'Variegatum' - the leaves are pink when blooming, then with a white border or random streaks.
Pennsylvania maple, or striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum)
Tree up to 12 m tall, the bark is smooth, dark green, with longitudinal whitish-green stripes. It grows slowly. K. Pennsylvanian is a shade-tolerant species, undemanding to soils and frost-resistant.
Curly maple (Acer circinatum)
Homeland - territory along the Pacific coast of North America.
A low tree with spreading shoots, often growing as a bush. The leaves are round in outline, have 7-9 lobes, each with a serrated edge. The leaves reach 6-12 cm in diameter. Blooms in the first half of May. The flowers are red, collected in drooping racemes.
Frost-resistant, annual shoots can freeze.
Curly maple varieties:
'Little Gem' is a dwarf variety with a rounded crown. The leaves are small, with a reddish tint when blooming, and red and orange in the fall;
'Monroe' - purple branches, leaves dissected to the very base into wide coarse-toothed lobes, orange-yellow in autumn;
'Pacific Fire' - bright red branches, leaves turn yellow in autumn.
False Siebold maple (Acer pseudosieboldianum)
Homeland - Far East.
A low, no more than 8 m tall tree with a dense spherical crown. Blooms in mid-May. The leaves are fan-shaped, medium-sized, nine-lobed. In summer they are light green, in autumn they are yellow, pink and red.
Winter hardiness is high, but in severe winters, annual shoots can freeze.
Naked maple (Acer glabrum)
A small tree or shrub several meters high. Young branches are dark, reddish-brown, later turning gray. Leaves are up to 5-6 cm long, 3-lobed, on red petioles, dark green above, bluish below, yellow in autumn. The flowers are greenish-yellow. Unripe fruits are red.
Yellow maple (Acer ucurunduense)
A small tree or shrub up to 8 m tall, with a narrow crown. Leaves are up to 14 cm wide, with 5-7 lobes, the lobes are oval, long pointed, with rough teeth. The leaves are dark green, orange and red in autumn. Blooms after the leaves bloom. Small flowers are collected in long and narrow protruding racemes up to 15 cm long. The wings of the fruit are compressed.
Maple care
Maples are demanding on soil (they act as soil-improving species). On swampy soils and when groundwater is close to each other, drainage is necessary. The soil mixture for maples that require fertile soil includes humus, turf soil and sand (3:2:1); for less demanding ones, leaf soil, peat and sand (2:2:1) are suitable.
Maples are relatively shade-tolerant and wind-resistant. They grow slowly, many species are drought-resistant, but maples need to be watered in hot weather.
It is necessary to cut out dry branches and frost-damaged annual shoots.
Most species overwinter without shelter, however, some species, such as K. palmate, are heat-loving and in central Russia require shelter for the winter.
False sycamore maple
Maple propagation
Maples are propagated by sowing, and decorative forms by grafting.
False-platan maple Simon-Louis Fréres or Simon-Louis Fréres is a tree up to 20 m tall with a dense crown. The variety is close to the famous Leopoldi variety. The leaves are cream when they bloom, then light green with a creamy white and green pattern, when mature they are even more contrasting.
Leaf venation
With parallel venation, the veins in the leaf blade are parallel to each other and look like straight lines.
With arc venation, the arrangement of the veins is similar to parallel, but the further away from the central axis of the leaf blade, the more the vein is shaped like an arc rather than a straight line.
Parallel and arc venation is characteristic of many monocots. Thus, many cereals (wheat, rye) and onions have parallel veins, and lily of the valley has an arc vein.
With reticulate venation, the veins in the leaf form a branching network. Such venation is characteristic of many dicotyledonous plants.
There are other types of leaf venation.
How many cotyledons do dicotyledonous plants have?
Cotyledon
| Characteristic | Monocots | Dicotyledons |
| Sheet structure | Parallel veins | Network of veins |
| Roots | Fibrous roots | Tap roots |
| Trunk | Soft | Solid |
| Number of cotyledons | 1 | 2 |
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Maple blossom
If you have a maple planted in your yard, then you probably know that bees always gather around it during the flowering period. And this is not surprising, because the tree is classified as a honey plant. Its small yellowish buds emit a very pleasant subtle aroma that attracts not only bees, but also squirrels.
Many beekeepers specifically plant maples next to apiaries. It is believed that this type of tree is very suitable for this.
Trees bloom at the very end of winter or at the beginning of spring. Usually, by the end of April, absolutely all the trees bloom. The petals are often colored in shades of red, green and orange. But still, yellow flowers are most often found.
Distinctive features of the tree
Not only maple leaves are interesting and unusual (we will give a description in one of the following sections of the article), but also some of its features. They will be discussed later.
For example, it is very important that the tree can survive almost any frost. They won't harm him. And in the spring it will be one of the first to wake up, delighting city residents with delicate greenery.
The maple is also not afraid of the lack of water. In the heat, many trees dry out and lose their foliage, and during a long drought they can completely die. But this does not threaten the maple; it will calmly survive the difficult period, later releasing an even greater number of new shoots.
We have already mentioned that the tree grows very quickly. In one year it can increase by one meter, and all shoots will be covered with dense foliage.
A description of maple would be incomplete without mentioning one more of its features. People around the world love sweet maple sap. In the spring it is easy to obtain by making a small cut on the trunk. Various sweets are often made from the juice. For example, residents of most American states cannot imagine dessert without maple syrup. It is produced by different companies and is very popular.
Medical and other uses
In folk medicine, treatment with maple leaves and more is widely used. Young leaves (sap), seeds, maple branches and root bark are used.
And cooking makes extensive use of sugar maple sap. Syrup and sugar are made from it. The branches, seeds, leaves and wood of this tree are even used in magic.
Young maple leaves produce juice - a tasty and very healthy drink for the body. Perfectly quenches thirst and has good tonic properties. The very first mentions of maple are in folk “healing books”. This dates back to the 16th-17th centuries. Practice has shown that maple sap helps against 45 diseases.
The healing properties of the plant have been known for a long time. Maple (and its parts) is widely used in medicine and healing.
What are the healing properties of maple leaves?
1. Young leaves have a sticky, white, pleasant-tasting juice rich in vitamin C.
2. It has antiscorbutic, tonic and diuretic properties.
3. Seeds and leaves have choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, tonic, and analgesic effects.
4. The bark of maple branches and roots has good astringent properties.
5. Spring maple sap has properties similar to birch sap.
6. Maple leaves (decoction) are used to treat arthritis and blood vessels.
7. This drug perfectly crushes stones in the bladder and kidneys.
8. Klenovka (sweet maple juice) is drunk for scurvy and pain in the lumbar region (lumbago). The juice contains a substance that resembles antibiotics in its properties.
In some areas of Canada and Russia, where immigrants from Russia and Ukraine live, maple sap is used as a remedy for treating shallow wounds. Perhaps this juice also has disinfecting properties.
In addition to the juice, the bark is also harvested in the spring for medicinal purposes.
What kind of maple are you?
There are many species of maples, about 160, and they all live in the northern hemisphere - in Europe, Asia and North America, often in temperate climates. The only species, the laurel maple (Acer laurinum), settled in the tropics of the Southern Hemisphere. This large genus of plants belongs to the Sapindaceae family. These are mainly trees with a height of 10 to 40 m, but there are also low shrubs - 5-10 m, which have many shoots growing from the base. Most maples are deciduous, but in the subtropics there are also evergreen species.
Maple leaves in autumn What makes all maples different? Of course, their leaves are simple, large, palmate or lobed, sitting on long petioles - they decorate the tree and form a beautiful, evenly rounded crown. But not all types of maples have such leaves; some have compound palmate or trifoliate leaves (for example, gray maple, Manchurian maple, Maksimovich). All maples are also easily recognized by their winged fruits or, as they are popularly called, “helicopters.” Maple seeds have such special adaptations and, whirling in the wind, do not fall for a very long time and can fly a considerable distance from the mother tree: this is how they spread and expand their range.
Three-lobed maple (Montpellier maple) with seeds Interestingly, maples are sort of hermits, they usually grow alone or in small groups, but they almost never form large thickets or forests. Species growing in the southern parts of the range prefer altitude: they can climb mountains up to 3000 m above sea level, which is where maples grow in the Himalayas.
Maple tree, where it grows and description of species
- The description of maple should start with the leaves, because they can be finger-shaped, simple, large or lobed. A large crown is formed by the green mass, which delights people.
- This tree bears lionfish as its fruit, which are called “helicopters” among people. Due to a special device on top, they can stay in the air for a very long time, which allows them to eventually fly a great distance to reproduce.
- An interesting fact is that the maple tree is a hermit. This tree grows either in small groups or singly.
- There are quite large representatives of maple. Such maples are found in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus and Northern Iran. Their height is up to 50 meters, and their trunk diameter is up to 1.2 meters.
- The smaller representative of this tree is sycamore. It can be found in the mountain forest of the Caucasus and in southwestern Ukraine. Such trees grow with a height of up to 40 meters and a trunk diameter of up to 2 meters.
a brief description of
Before we begin to describe the maple leaves, we would like to talk in more detail about the tree itself. Usually it grows quite high - from ten to twenty meters. Among the variety of species there are also shrubs. They usually do not grow higher than ten meters, the average height varies between five meters.
Most maples are deciduous. In the summer they delight with lush greenery of a bizarre shape, and in the fall they change color. By winter, maple leaves fall off (in biology, a description of this process is given in 6th grade).
Maple has a very beautiful wood, which is often used by carpenters in their work. It is characterized by a white color with yellow and reddish veins.
What is the root system of grapes?
The root system of grapes is fibrous and very branched. The grape produces powerful and long roots that go 2 - 6 m deep, sometimes up to 14 m. It diverges to the sides beyond the projection of the crown. There is a direct relationship between the mass of the aboveground part and the mass of the roots.
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Leaf parts
In general, the sheet consists of several parts:
- The base is the place of attachment to the stem;
- Stipule - leaf-like elements at the base, in some cases falling off after the leaf has fully opened;
- Petiole - a continuation of the main vein of the leaf blade, connecting the leaf and stem;
- The leaf blade is the wide part of the leaf that performs its main functions.
Since each plant is individual, and the leaves are very different, some parts may not be there. For example, stipules are often absent, and sometimes there is no petiole (in this case, the leaves are called sessile or pierced). In addition, all parts can be of very different shapes, lengths and structures.
Classification and separation of the main parts helps botanists correctly identify a plant and determine which family, genus and order it belongs to.
Structure, types and shapes of the leaf plate
The leaf blade consists of an upper epidermis covered with a cuticle, a palisade layer, a spongy layer and a lower epidermis also covered with a cuticle. Each layer performs a specific function:
- The cuticle and epidermis protect the plate from external influences and prevent excessive evaporation of water.
[!] Stomata are responsible for the process of retaining the necessary moisture inside the leaf - paired cells that can close and prevent moisture from evaporating. Stomata begin their work during drought, saving the plant from dehydration.
- The palisade layer, also called the columnar tissue, is responsible for the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts, cells that color the surface of the leaf green, are also collected here.
- Spongy tissue is the basis of the leaf plate. Its functions are gas exchange, absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen, and photosynthesis.
The entire plate is permeated with conductive bundles, called veins, through which organic substances are delivered from the root to the leaf (water and minerals) and vice versa (sugar solution). In addition, the veins form a hard skeleton that protects the soft tissue from tearing.
Plate shapes
In general, all forms of leaves are divided into simple and complex, and complex ones into palmate, pinnate, bipinnate, trifoliate, pinnately cut, which, in turn, are divided into several more types. In total, botany has at least thirty-five varieties of forms.
Simple leaves consist of one leaf blade, and it can be of very different shapes: round, oval, diamond-shaped, elongated, and so on. The outline of the tip of the plate and the place of attachment of the petiole also differ.
Complex leaves are those that consist of several parts, both articulated on a common petiole (lobed, dissected, separate) and having their own separate petiole (palmated, pinnate, trifoliate).
[!] One of the signs of complex leaves is that they fall off at different times.
In addition to the general configuration of the leaf, its base (round, heart-shaped, trill-shaped, unequal, etc.) and apex (pointed, notched, tendril-shaped, blunt, etc.) are distinguished.
Edge shapes
The edge of a leaf, as well as its general shape, tells botanists whether a plant belongs to one species or another. Depending on the depth of the cut, the edges are divided into fingered or jagged (shallow notches), lobed, dissected and separated (deep notches). Smooth edges are called whole edges.
Types of venation
The venation pattern of the leaf blade can be very diverse and depends on the type of plant. In general, all types of venation are divided into two parts:
- several parallel veins pass through the leaf blade, but the central vein is absent (parallel venation),
- there is a main (central) vein, from which lateral veins branch (reticulate venation),
- several curved veins diverging in the middle of the leaf and converging towards the edge (arcuate venation).
In turn, reticulate venation is divided into several subspecies.
Types of stipules and petioles
The stipule usually looks like a small, underdeveloped leaf located at the base of the leaf. They may fall off after the leaf has fully expanded or remain on the plant. Depending on the method of attachment to the petiole, stipules are free, fused with the petiole, interpetiolar, trumpet-shaped, or encircling the base of the petiole.
Petioles can vary in cut shape: cylinder, half-cylinder, with a notch, and others. In addition, as mentioned above, there may be no petiole at all, in which case the leaf is attached directly to the stem.
As you can see, the plant world displays an amazing variety of forms, and there are millions of their combinations.
So, the scientific and botanical part is over, it's time to move on to the amazing facts about leaves.
Description of leaves: general information
What is a leaf? What is the definition given in botany? If we refer to the educational materials, we can say that a leaf is a plant organ located above the ground. It is attached to the side of the stem and performs three important functions.
First of all, this is photosynthesis, without which it is impossible to imagine any plant. The processes of evaporation and respiration also occur through the leaves.
The sheet consists of several parts, which we list in the following list:
- Plate. This part is the largest and widest. The leaf plate constantly turns following the sun's rays. Its main task is to get as much sunlight as possible.
- Petiole. It extends from the base of the plate, and with its help it is attached to the plant. The petiole has a narrow and elongated shape. It is this that helps the plate rotate freely behind the sun. At the point of attachment to the plant it has a slight thickening.
- Leaf base. This is the name of the place of attachment to a stem or branch.
- Stipules. Not all plants have them. Typically, stipules are outgrowths located at the base of the leaf. They are pressed very tightly to the petiole and can be brightly colored.
It is noteworthy that the leaves may have one or more leaf blades. They differ from each other in shape and structure.
Now we can move on to the description of the maple leaf (in biology in the 6th grade, students begin to study this topic). Let's start with the form.
Norway maple propagation
Seed propagation
Norway maple can be easily propagated by seeds. They are sown in the autumn in a seedling bed; during the winter they will undergo natural stratification. In spring, seedlings will appear, all that remains is to plant them. If desired, you can sow seeds in March, but before that they will need to be stratified. To do this, the seeds should be poured into a container filled with moistened sand, which is placed in the refrigerator on the vegetable shelf for 5–7 days.
How to propagate by air layering
Select the branch from which you will make the air layering. Take a sterilized knife and make several cuts on the surface of the bark, which should be located obliquely. Then you need to treat the cuts with a means that stimulates root formation (Kornevin or Heteroauxin). To prevent the edges of the cuts from joining, grains of foam plastic must be placed in them. Then the cuts are covered with moistened moss, this part of the branch must be wrapped in a plastic bag, which is tightly fixed just above and below the wounds. Then you need to cover the bag with aluminum foil or canvas so that the sun's rays do not fall on it.
Over time, young roots will appear in the places of the cuts, they will grow into the moistened moss. With the onset of next spring, when the growing season begins, it will be necessary to separate the cuttings from the tree, while carefully removing the fabric or foil and removing the bag. There is no need to remove the moss; the cuttings are planted in open soil along with it.
Reproduction by root layering
On the regrown root shoots, you will need to make several cuts with a sharp knife, and they should be as close as possible to the surface of the area. Then the wounds are treated with a means that stimulates root growth, and then the cuttings must be hilled up high (the wounds must be covered with soil). During the growing season, provide the layering with systematic watering and hilling. Once the following spring arrives, the cuttings will be ready to be separated and replanted in a permanent location, as they will have developed their own root system.
How to properly propagate Norway maples. How to plant maples correctly.
Features of maple
There are types of maple that reach a height of 40 m, but mostly there are trees up to 15 m. As a rule, the trunks of these maples are not thick, with brown or gray bark and narrow crevices. The root system of these trees is very strong and well developed, which is capable of reaching great depths.
The lifespan of a maple tree is approximately 200 years, but if it grows in a positive environment, these trees can live up to 500 years.
All types of these trees are distinguished by the decorative feature of the leaf plate. As a rule, they are large in size and come in a variety of shapes. Maple leaves are found not only green, but also red and dark pink. Maples begin to bloom in early spring, and look like light yellow or slightly green panicles; the fruits are double and ripen in early autumn.
Maples, due to their unique leaf shape, look like an ornamental plant that is planted in parks, gardens and on residential streets. In addition to the goal of beautifying the city, this plant is also used to make the air cleaner.
The wood of this plant, due to its unique properties, is used for industrial purposes as a building material, as well as for making furniture.
Types of maple
There are a very large number of maple species, but among them there are the most popular ones, which are most often found on our planet.
Holly
Norway maple or common maple, which has several varieties. This species grows in the European part of Russia. This species also has another name: platinum or platanum-leaved - this is due to the peculiarity of the structure of its leaf.
This species has many different beautiful forms, which differ in tree height and crown density. Norway maple will not grow just anywhere; it needs fertile and slightly acidified soil. This type of maple will not grow in rocky or sandy soil.
The height that these trees reach is approximately 20-30 meters; at the end, such a maple expands. The bark of young trees is smooth with a gray tint, but cracks appear over the years.
The leaf blade has a five-leaf shape, approximately 15-18 cm, and is supported by thin cuttings with jagged branches of small dimensions.
Like all trees, this type of maple has leaves that come in many different shades, from yellow to burgundy. The five-leaf maple is a symbol of Canada and is depicted on the flag of this country.
These plants develop very quickly, especially at the beginning. Life expectancy reaches 200 years. Norway maples do not like polluted air, and as a rule they are grown for landscape design. They can also be seen in parks, near roads and in public gardens.
The Norway maple is an iconic tree and grows not only in the European part, but also in Siberia, as well as throughout much of the United States.
American
This tree grows very well in the eastern cities of the United States, and has become the main symbol of individual states. This species also has another name - sugar maple. This is actually no coincidence, because the famous maple syrup is made from this tree, and the wood is used as building materials.
The American maple is not afraid of cold weather and reaches 30-40 meters in height. This species is also characterized by thick bark and a dense crown.
White
These are thin trees of small height - up to 30 m, with a large and dense crown. The leaf blades are bright green with a slightly blue tint. This species does not like extreme cold, which is why it is almost impossible to see it in the middle zone. This species is found mainly in the Caucasus and the southern regions of Europe.
Tatar
Another name for this species is black maple. It mainly forms bushes and reaches a height of only 9 meters. This maple is characterized by a lush crown and almost black bark. The molds are bright green and unlike the leaf shapes of other species.
The Tatarian maple is distinguished by its aesthetic features, and in the spring light pink and at the same time large inflorescences appear on its branches, which can be compared to bells. This species grows very quickly and is easy to maintain.
Black maple is used as a picturesque plant that is not afraid of drought, and therefore is often found in the steppes of Europe, as well as in the Caucasus and the Balkans.
Field
This is a large and dense shrub 15-20 m high. The leaf blades have a five-lobed shape and a bright green color.
The bark is gray or brown, and the flowers are completely ordinary, unremarkable. This plant can grow in any conditions and is not afraid of drought. Found in deciduous forests and large cities.
Reproduction and care
Maple can be propagated using seedlings or shoots. Only experienced Michurin residents can propagate this plant by seeds. Planting material in the form of seeds is buried in April to a depth of 10-15 cm.
It is better if planting takes place in loose and fertile soil. Do not plant the plant in salt marshes or overly acidic areas. Shoots can be seen after 2-3 weeks.
The tree can also be propagated by shoots. In the spring, an incision is made in the stem, after which it is treated with a special agent to activate the development of the plant. Then you need to place this shoot in moss and wrap it well in film or other material that does not allow moisture and air to pass through.
When a year has passed, the emerging shoot with roots is separated and planted in another place. It is necessary to water the seedlings frequently; watering can take up to 15 liters of water per week. If there is good humidity and there are no severe frosts in winter, then young maples can grow up to 1 meter per year.
There are insects that harm this tree - mealybug, weevil, maple whitefly. They also damage leaves and bark. This can be seen from the stains and rot that appears in these places.
To avoid this, it is necessary to take preventive measures and treat trees with special preparations - chlorophos, nitrophen or dimethoate. It is best to do this before the buds open.
Maple leaf shape: description
The tree has palmate leaves. At first glance, this form is very similar to palmate, but this is just at first glance. In the botany textbook, a number of comments are attached to the description of the maple leaf, which make it possible not to confuse its shape with similar ones.
In maple, the leaf lobes are quite wide and look large, while the palmate form is characterized by narrow and slightly elongated lobes. Maple leaves (the description will be incomplete without mentioning this nuance) have veins. Usually there are from three to nine of them on one blade, while one of them always has a more pronounced size and lies in the center.
The characteristic we have given is identical to the description of the Norway maple leaf and is suitable for most known species. However, some trees stand out because of their leaf shape, which does not match the general description.
Characteristics of leaves depending on the species
Some maples can surprise you with shamrocks. This form looks rather bizarre, but is not uncommon. You can see it, for example, in the Manchurian or Maksimovich maple.
Ash-leaved maple is distinguished by its complex pinnate leaf structure. It can consist of three, five or even nine leaves. Botanists are still trying to figure out what exactly determines their quantity.
Hornbeam maple has simple leaves that closely resemble a hornbeam tree. They are distinguished by their feathery venation.
Maple fruits
In Soviet times, maples of various types were actively planted in parks. But today, such close attention is not paid to the improvement of urban areas, so no one is engaged in mass planting of trees. However, there are only more maples. What is the reason for this fact?
Everything is very simple. The fact is that maples reproduce well by self-fall. Their fruits are able to germinate and literally in a couple of years turn from a timid sprout into a full-fledged young tree.
Such survival is ensured by the very shape of the fruit. They resemble a small propeller that stays on the branch almost until frost. Then gusts of wind carry these “helicopters” throughout the surrounding area, where they wait for the onset of spring.
Usually no more than ten percent of the seeds germinate, but this amount is enough to maintain the maple population.
Scope of application
It is believed that real maple syrup is only found in Canada, but this is not true. There is a Russian farm where juice is extracted from trees in the Leningrad region, not far from St. Petersburg. In addition to obtaining juice, maple trees are used:
- for carving (this is a durable wood, ideal for decorative work);
- for making elements of guitars, violins, cellos (masters long ago discovered the acoustic qualities of maples);
- in apiaries to attract bees. Maple honey is tasty and healthy.
Craftsmen also often use veneer obtained from the root part. It is needed in order to apply patterns to a special type of furniture - marquetry. When cut, these natural patterns look like original designs, each of which is one of a kind.
This is interesting!
Maple parquet is indispensable in a dance class due to its hardness and resistance to wear.
This is interesting
How plants adapt to climate and other living conditions using leaves
Each plant is forced to acclimatize to weather conditions and also protect itself from external influences. All parts of the plant: roots, shoots, flowers and, of course, leaves, have adapted to various climatic phenomena: high or low temperature, drought or excessive humidity, lack or excess of sunlight. In addition, plants are threatened by people and animals, so many of them, in the process of evolution, have learned to repel attacks.
Let's consider how, with the help of its green cover, a plant resists an unfavorable environment.
Dry or humid climate:
- The small size of the leaves and, accordingly, the small area of the leaf plate prevents excessive evaporation of water;
- The leaves are usually thick and juicy - thus they accumulate the necessary moisture;
- The leaf blades of many plants are covered with hairs, which also prevents evaporation;
- A smooth waxy coating on the surface serves the same purpose.
- Large leaves are a sign of plants in a tropical climate; due to the large size of the plate, the evaporation process occurs much more intensely.
Crassula, Saintpaulia, Philodendron
Windy areas:
- The dissected, jagged shape of the edge allows air flows to pass freely, thanks to which gusts of wind do not injure the sheet.
Silver birch "Dalecarlian", monstera, palmate maple
Places with excess or insufficient sunlight:
- If there is not enough sunlight, many plants can unfold their leaves so that as much sunlight as possible hits their surface;
- Leaf mosaic is a phenomenon in which smaller leaves are located between larger ones. In this case, each leaf catches the sun's rays and participates in the process of photosynthesis;
- Some plants that do not need a lot of sun filter light through special translucent windows located on the leaves.
Dandelion, ivy, fenestraria
Aquatic plants - these representatives of the flora stand apart, because in order to survive they had to adapt not even to the climate, but to a completely different element - water:
- The leaves of hydatophytes (plants completely submerged in water) are highly dissected. Thus, by increasing the surface area, the plant receives the necessary amount of oxygen;
- Leaves floating on the surface of a reservoir do not have stomata on the back side of the leaf blade;
- The large surface area of floating leaves prevents them from sinking by distributing the load.
- Special microscopic projections and a waxy layer prevent water from penetrating into the leaf, preventing the plant from becoming infected with microorganisms and protozoan algae. Water is not absorbed into the surface, but flows down the sheet in drops, at the same time cleaning it from dust and dirt. This phenomenon is called the “lotus effect.”
Hornwort, Victoria amazonica, lotus
Protection from animals and people. Some plants, in the course of evolution, have learned to defend themselves from attacks:
- The leaves produce strong-smelling pheromones and oils that repel animals;
- The leaf blade can be covered with soft hairs or even hard spines that sting the aggressor.
Geranium, nettle, woolly chickweed
Unusual leaves
Nature has endowed certain types of plants with such an extravagant appearance that sometimes determining where the leaves are in front of us seems to be a difficult task.
Cactiformes settled in areas with arid climates, where the loss of every drop of water is tantamount to death. Evolutionary selection did its job - specimens with a minimum area of evaporation survived. Wide leaves are an unaffordable luxury for such living conditions. The entire external decoration of cacti, inhabitants of waterless wastelands, consists of compact protective leaves-spines.
Forest cacti went even further - their spines became thin, almost invisible hairs, and their spherical trunk turned into a chain of flat segments.
Opuntia, Trichocerius, Schlumbergera
Other plants in arid regions, in order not to evaporate precious moisture, decided to abandon their leaves altogether. Or rather, they still have leaves, but only in the form of small, undeveloped scales. At the same time, shoots called cladodes or phyllocadia acquired the leaf shape and function of photosynthesis. Phyllocadia have adapted to their new role so much that they practically do not differ in appearance from an ordinary leaf, but in fact they are not such.
There is also the opposite option - what seems to be shoots are actually leaves. One example is the tendrils of creeping plants. In this case, the tendrils are the upper parts of the leaves, which have adapted to cling to support.
Ruscus, asparagus, pickled peas
Some of the most unusual leaves belong to tropical exotics. The hot, humid climate, the abundance of insects and animals forced plants to adapt to difficult living conditions and even become predators. Using sticky secretions or special bubbles on the leaves, predatory plants catch unwary insects and then suck the life juices out of them.
Another adaptation of tropical plants is a bag formed by fused planes of a leaf plate. This trap collects rainwater, the supply of which is, of necessity, used during periods of drought.
Sundew, pemphigus, Raffles dischidia
Leaves of different colors
What color are the leaves? At first glance, the answer to this question is very simple - green in summer, yellow and red in autumn. In fact, they can come in a variety of colors not only in autumn, but also at other times of the year. You can find green, yellow, red, silvery burgundy and even purple shades of color in the natural decoration of completely healthy plants. In addition to unusual pigmentation, the leaves of some, especially southern, plants have beautiful patterns and ornaments.
The author of all this splendor is not only nature, but also man: during the selection process, many decorative varieties were bred, flaunting multi-colored or patterned leaves.
Zebrina, fittonia, caladium
Edible leaves
Leaves are not only pleasing to the eye and necessary for the life of the planet, some of the leaves are also edible and, moreover, form a significant part of the human diet. In cooking, they are used as a vegetable component: spinach, chard, Chinese cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and as salad ingredients: arugula, sorrel, lettuce, and, of course, as seasonings: dill, parsley, basil, mint and so on.
Chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil
Sources used:
- https://bymosque.ru/tradeskancija-prostoj-ili-slozhnyj-list/
- https://fb.ru/article/359496/opisanie-listev-klena-po-bioloii
- https://kvetok.ru/rastenie/oby-knovenny-j-klen-ostrolistny-j-acer-platanoides
- https://biology.su/botany/leaf-external-structure
- https://7dach.ru/lenamedvednikova/takie-raznye-kleny-93875.html
- https://wikibotanika.ru/polezno-znat/listya-rasteniy.html
- https://vserastenija.ru/list-klena/
