What happens to the oak tree in the fall? 2 Determine the type of oak by its foliage

G.

Type of sheet according to the ratio of length, width and location of the widest part:

D.

Leaf edge shape:

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Oak leaf: petiolate, with pinnate venation, pinnately lobed, oval, lobed.

1) laurel type - evergreen, entire (or finely toothed only at the apex), with equally spaced parallel veins (almost the entire subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and a number of species of the subgenus Erythrobalanus);

2) type of holly - evergreen, hard, small, with a few veins, sometimes bifurcating at the end, and spiny teeth (subgenus heterobalanus - Helerobalanus);

3) chestnut type - summer green leaves with numerous parallel secondary veins equally spaced from each other, usually running into pointed (sometimes with long pointed) teeth (subgenus Quercus);

4) a type of lobed or lobed-toothed leaves with evenly or unevenly spaced lateral veins (subgenus Quercus);

5) a type of lobed-toothed leaves, the blades of which are long pointed at the ends, with unequally spaced lateral veins and numerous intercalary ones (subgenus erythrobalanus).

The genus includes about 600 species [3]. The natural habitat of oak is the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The southern limit of distribution is the tropical highlands; several species are also found south of the equator.

The oak tree is well recognizable thanks to its fruits, acorns, which are essentially nuts.

What type of leaf arrangement does maple have?

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Description

Tree up to 30-50 m tall, with an oval crown.

The trunk is powerful, and in young trees it is covered with smooth, shiny bark.

The leaves are leathery, lobed, dark green, petiolate, varied in size and shape. Based on the timing of the beginning of the growing season, two forms of pedunculate oak are distinguished: summer oak and winter oak, the latter blooms 2–3 weeks later.

Flowers are dioecious. It blooms in May at the same time as the leaves bloom; the flowers are inconspicuous.

The fruit is an acorn. Acorns ripen in September.

Spreading

D. petiolate Teberda Nature Reserve Along the edges of broad-leaved and mixed forests, on river terraces. Occasionally it forms pure stands of trees on rocky areas of the southern slopes of the valleys of the Teberda, Muhu, Dzhemagat rivers, 1300-1900 m above sea level. Usually.

Leaf modifications

Leaf modifications (metamorphoses) occur when additional functions are performed.

Mustache

Allow the plant (peas, vetch) to cling to objects and secure the stem in a vertical position.

spines

Occurs in plants that grow in dry places (cactus, barberry). Robinia pseudoacacia (white acacia) has spines that are modifications of stipules.

Scales

Dry scales (buds, bulbs, rhizomes) perform a protective function - protect against damage. Fleshy scales (bulbs) store nutrients.

In insectivorous plants (sundews), the leaves are modified to trap and digest mainly insects.

Phyllodes

This is the transformation of the petiole into a leaf-shaped flat formation.

Leaf variability is caused by a combination of external and internal factors. The presence of leaves of different shapes and sizes in the same plant is called heterophyly , or diversity of leaves . Observed, for example, in water yellow, arrowhead, etc.

External leaf structure

A leaf consists of a leaf blade and a petiole . The leaf blade is flat. On the leaf blade you can distinguish the base, tip and edges. At the bottom of the petiole there is a thickened base of the leaf. Veins - vascular-fibrous branch in the leaf blade The central and lateral veins are distinguished. The petiole rotates the plate to better capture light rays. The leaf falls off along with the petiole. Leaves that have a petiole are called petiolate . Petioles can be short or long. Leaves that do not have a petiole are called sessile (for example, in corn, wheat, foxglove). If the lower part of the leaf blade covers the stem in the form of a tube or groove, then a leaf sheath (in some cereals, sedges, and umbellifers). It protects the stem from damage. A shoot can pierce through a leaf blade - pierced leaf .

Leaf shapes

Leaf edges

Petiole shapes

On a cross section, the petioles can have the following shape: cylindrical, ribbed, flat, winged, grooved, etc.

Some plants (rosaceae, legumes, etc.), in addition to the plate and petiole, have special outgrowths - stipules . They cover the side buds and protect them from damage. Stipules can look like small leaves, films, spines, or scales. In some cases they are very large and play an important role in photosynthesis. They can be free or attached to the petiole.

Spreading

Widely distributed in Western Europe and the European part of Russia, found in northern Africa and western Asia. The northern border of the range is southern Finland, the north of the Leningrad region. In western Norway, due to the influence of the Gulf Stream, the habitat boundary reaches the 65th parallel. As it moves east, the habitat boundary shifts south, and it does not live in Siberia at all. Introduced to northeastern North America.

Common oak is one of the main forest-forming species of broad-leaved forests in Europe, as well as communities of the European forest-steppe, growing next to hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, elm, beech, birch, spruce, pine and some other trees. In the middle forest zone it does not form large tracts.

Young oak trees are quite shade-loving; mature plants love light more. Oak is picky about soils.

Famous trees

Oaks, which are among the longest-living trees, have many famous trees. The most famous: Kaiser Oak, Zaporozhye Oak, Tsar Oak, Stelmuzhsky Oak, Chapel Oak.

Practical use

Wood, medicinal, phytoncidal, food, melliferous, dyeing, fodder, ornamental and phytomeliorative plant.

Oak bark and wood are a source for one of the best tanning agents.

For the tanning industry, oak bark aged 15-20 years is considered the best. Since its bark is an excellent tanning agent, it is used directly as a tanning material, and tanning extracts are produced from the tree. Having a large mass, oak wood is one of the main sources for the production of tannins.

Oak wood has a beautiful color and texture. It is dense, strong, elastic, preserves well in the air, in the ground and under water, moderately cracks and warps, pricks easily, and is resistant to rot and household fungus.

Oak wood is used in shipbuilding, the furniture industry, for the production of staves, parquet, mine and hydraulic structures, for the manufacture of rims, runners, plywood and sliced ​​veneer, turning and carved products, parts of horse-drawn carriages: drawbars, shafts, brackets, wheels. Oak wood does not have a special odor; barrels for cognac, wine, beer, alcohol, vinegar, and oil are made from it.

Particularly prized is “bog oak” - tree trunks that have lain at the bottom of lakes or rivers for many years. This wood acquires extraordinary strength and an almost black color.

Oak provides excellent fuel.

Common oak is a spring pollen bearer. Bees collect a lot of highly nutritious pollen on it, and in some years they collect nectar from female flowers. But honeydew and honeydew often appear on oak trees. In places where oak occupies large tracts, bees collect a lot of honeydew and honeydew, from which they produce honey that is unsuitable for winter consumption. To avoid mass death of bees during wintering, such honey is pumped out.

Oak leaves contain the pigment quercetin, which, depending on the concentration, dyes wool and felted products yellow, green, greenish-yellow, brown and black.

Oak acorns are a highly nutritious food for wild animals and domestic pigs. However, there are known cases of poisoning of other domestic animals by acorns (especially green ones). Cows (especially dairy cows) and horses are the most sensitive to poisoning; sheep are less sensitive. Acorn flour is also suitable for human food (this happened during the famine years).

Collection, processing and storage

Common oak bark for medicinal purposes is harvested mainly during sap flow (April - May), removing it from young branches and thin trunks (up to 10 cm in diameter) in logging sites or thinnings. To remove the bark, ring-shaped cuts are made every 30 cm, which are connected with longitudinal cuts, after which the bark is easily removed. Dry under a canopy with good ventilation. The yield of dry raw materials is 40-50%. Dry bark is packed into bales weighing 100 kg. Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life is five years.

Oak fruits (acorns) are collected in the fall under the trees after they have fallen. Dry in attics under an iron roof or under sheds with good ventilation, spreading in one layer on paper or fabric and stirring occasionally. They are dried in ovens, ovens or dryers. Acorns are cleaned of leathery fertilization and seed coat. The raw material consists of individual cotyledons. It is packed in 60 kg bags. Store in dry, well-ventilated areas. The shelf life has not been established.

The raw materials for obtaining tanning extracts from oak wood are hemp, roots, as well as waste from logging and wood processing industries in the form of logs with or without bark. For tanning hides, oak bark is harvested from young trees (up to 20 years of age). Older trees develop a crust that is completely unsuitable and even harmful when used for tanning. Bark can be harvested at any time of the year, but it is better during the period of sap flow (April - May) during the main fellings and thinnings. The bark removed from the trunks and branches is dried under a canopy with good ventilation. The relative humidity of dry bark should not exceed 16%.

Read also

What causes water to evaporate from leaves? In which plant do stipules turn into spines? Which plant has a palmate-compound leaf: oak, rowan, acacia or none of them? Plants that have a compound leaf: rose hip, rowan, acacia, maple, poplar, wheat, linden, strawberry. It belongs to evergreen plants. clover, lingonberry, lilac or horsetail Confirm or correct the expressions: -Vegetative shoot performs the function of mineral nutrition -All plants emit oxygen -Spruce leaves are heavily dissected -Sessile leaves are characteristic of rowan, poplar and wheat

after 10-12 hours and preserved. color for a long time. What organisms formed the “nuts”? 1carabus nemoralis 2 scolitus intricatus Ratz 3 cynpis quercusfolii 4 puccinia anthirrhini 5 xanthomonas axonopodi 6 daedalea querchina fr. 7 agrillus angustulis llig 8 tortix viridana L.

Leaf venation

Veins connect the leaf to the stem. These are vascular-fibrous bundles. Their functions : conductive and mechanical (the veins serve as support and protect the leaves from tearing). The arrangement and branching of the veins of the leaf blade is called venation . Venation is distinguished from one main vein, from which lateral branches diverge - reticulate, pinnate (bird cherry, etc.), fingered (Tatar maple, etc.), or with several main veins that run almost parallel to one another -– arc (plantain, lily of the valley) and parallel (wheat, rye) venation. In addition, there are many transitional types of venation.

Most dicotyledons are characterized by pinnate, palmate, reticulate venation, while monocotyledons are characterized by parallel and arcuate venation.

Leaves with straight veins are mostly entire.

English oak Cultivation

Highly winter-hardy and drought-resistant (excellent), susceptible to diseases and pests (satisfactory). At the same time, winter oak suffers from pests much less than the summer form. It blooms and bears fruit annually, but abundant fruiting occurs after 4–5 years (good). Photophilous, tolerant of poor and dry soils, salt tolerant. Dust and gas resistant.

Reproduction

It reproduces by seeds.

Quercus robur f. heterophylla (Loud.) – English oak

Varieties

Quercus robur f. heterophylla (Loud.) - petiolate pyramidal

Transpiration

Transpiration (from Latin trans - through and spiro - I breathe). This is the removal of water vapor by the plant (water evaporation). Plants absorb a lot of water, but use only a small part of it. Water is evaporated by all parts of the plant, but especially by the leaves. Thanks to evaporation, a special microclimate arises around the plant.

Types of transpiration

There are two types of transpiration: cuticular and stomatal.

Cuticular transpiration

Cuticular transpiration is the evaporation of water from the entire surface of the plant.

Stomatal transpiration

Stomatal transpiration is the evaporation of water through stomata. The most intense is the stomatal one. Stomata regulate the rate of water evaporation. The number of stomata varies among different plant species.

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Transpiration contributes to the flow of new amounts of water to the root, raising water along the stem to the leaves (using suction force). Thus, the root system forms the lower water pump, and the leaves form the upper water pump.

One of the factors that determines the rate of evaporation is air humidity: the higher it is, the less evaporation (evaporation stops when the air is saturated with water vapor).

The meaning of water evaporation: it reduces the temperature of the plant and protects it from overheating, provides an upward flow of substances from the root to the above-ground part of the plant. The intensity of photosynthesis depends on the intensity of transpiration, since both of these processes are regulated by the stomatal apparatus.

Nuts

The fruits of the pedunculate oak are bare, placed on a long stalk. Its size is three to eight centimeters. The color of acorns is brownish-brown. Their length is one and a half to three and a half centimeters, diameter is one to two centimeters. The nut is placed in a saucer called a plyuska. The fruits ripen in September-October.

Acorns are characterized by good germination. They are spread by birds, especially jays. Up to ten years, seedlings grow slowly. Then the growth accelerates to thirty-five centimeters per year, sometimes more.

Spreading

English oak is distributed throughout Western Europe and Russia (the European part). You can meet it in western Asia and northern Africa. It was spread throughout North America.

Since oak has a well-developed root system that goes deep into the ground, the tree is resistant to strong winds. It is used in protective afforestation.

It grows well with hornbeam, birch, pine, linden, and ash. Oak is a heat-loving plant that does not tolerate frost well. He doesn't like shading from above.

Internal structure of the leaf

The outside of the leaf is covered predominantly with a single-layer, sometimes multi-layered epidermis (skin). It consists of living cells, most of which lack chlorophyll. Through them, the sun's rays easily reach the lower layers of leaf cells. In most plants, the skin secretes and creates on the outside a thin film of fatty substances - a cuticle, which almost does not allow water to pass through. On the surface of some skin cells there may be hairs and spines that protect the leaf from damage, overheating, and excessive evaporation of water. In plants that grow on land, there are stomata in the epidermis on the underside of the leaf (in wet places (cabbage) there are stomata on both sides of the leaf; in aquatic plants (water lily), whose leaves float on the surface, there are stomata on the upper side; in plants that are completely immersed in water do not have stomata). Functions of stomata : regulation of gas exchange and transpiration (evaporation of water by leaves). On average, there are 100–300 stomata per 1 square millimeter of surface. The higher the leaf is located on the stem, the more stomata per unit surface.

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Between the upper and outer layers of the epidermis there are cells of the main tissue - assimilation parenchyma. In most species of angiosperms, two types of cells of this tissue are distinguished: columnar (palisade) and spongy (loose) chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma. Together they make up mesophyll . Under the upper skin (sometimes above the lower one) there is a columnar parenchyma, which consists of cells of regular shape (prismatic), arranged vertically in several layers and tightly adjacent to one another. Loose parenchyma is located under the columnar and above the lower skin, consists of irregularly shaped cells that do not fit tightly to one another and have large intercellular spaces filled with air. Intercellular spaces occupy up to 25% of the leaf volume. They connect to the stomata and provide gas exchange and transpiration of the leaf. It is believed that photosynthesis processes occur more intensively in the palisade parenchyma, since its cells have more chloroplasts. In the cells of loose parenchyma there are significantly fewer chloroplasts. They actively store starch and some other nutrients.

Vascular-fibrous bundles (veins) pass through the parenchyma tissue. They consist of conductive tissue - vessels (in the smallest veins - tracheids) and sieve tubes - and mechanical tissue. The xylem is located on top of the vascular-fibrous bundle, and the phloem is located below. Organic substances formed during photosynthesis flow through sieve tubes to all plant organs. Through vessels and tracheids, water with minerals dissolved in it flows to the leaf. Mechanical tissue provides strength to the leaf blade, supporting the conductive tissue. Between the conducting system and the mesophyll there is a free space or apoplast .

Wood [ edit | edit code ]

Oak wood is distinguished by its strength, strength, density, hardness and heaviness. The properties of wood depend on the growing conditions of the tree. This is how it differs:

• bog oak
  ,
  oak
  or
  stone
  , grown in dry sandy places - in oak groves or pine forests; its bark is thick, almost black; the wood is fine-grained, straw-yellow in color, hard, but has little elasticity;
• ols oak
  ,
  lead
  ,
  iron
  or
  water oak
  , growing along the banks of flowing waters and in elevated places, among alder swamps (
  ols
  ); it has leathery bark of a light bluish-gray color, covered with whitish spots, and a straight trunk with a dense, rarely dry, top; large-layer wood with a pale pink tint and white sapwood, very heavy, very elastic, but very cracking when dried;
• in the middle places between the pine forest and the olsa, an oak tree grows with wood of transitional qualities - yellowish, with white sapwood, more elastic than the oak oak, but lower than the olsa oak, and inferior in hardness to both; the bark on the trunk is thick, soft, gray-brown, covered in cracks with a reddish coating, and on the north side with greenish moss; dryness and hollowness of the butt part of the trunk are quite common.

Oak wood is an excellent building and ornamental material: it is used for underwater and land buildings, the construction of underwater and main parts of wooden ships (mainly summer oak) and as cooperage, carriage, machine, furniture, parquet and carpentry timber (winter oak is preferred); The latter especially value bog oak, which has lain in water for a long time (up to a hundred years) and has dark, almost black wood. Suitable for artificial aging (brushing).

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Even cannonballs fired from cannonballs could bounce off the sides of the USS Constitution, made of Virginia oak [8].

Although the heat of combustion of oak wood is higher than that of other wood species in central Russia, complete combustion of oak wood requires a large air draft; oak charcoal does not hold heat well.

Application

Energy properties. Oak is a tree that provides energy and helps treat cardiovascular diseases. Oak activates the immune system in case of chronic diseases, helps with polyarthritis, and improves brain activity.

Use in landscape design

D. petiolate is decorative with a thick, lush crown, leathery leaves that turn yellow in the fall. Decorative durability 70–80 years. Suitable for gardens, parks, squares, boulevards. Valuable for field protection and forest reclamation plantings. For soliter and alley plantings, a pyramidal form can be recommended (Q. robur f. fastigiata (Lam.) Schwarz). The multi-leaved form (Q. robur f. heterophylla (Loud.) C. Koch) with beautifully cut, drooping leaves is very decorative. However, this form grows slowly and achieves high decorative value only in a good agricultural background.

Medicinal use

Collection and processing of medicinal raw materials

Application in official and folk medicine

Therapeutic effect: diuretic, astringent, cardiotonic, hair strengthening.

Indications for medical use: diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the cardiovascular system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the ear, throat, nose, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous fat, diseases of the oral cavity, infections and infestations.