Broad-leaved forest trees: photos and names

What is the soil like in the mixed forest zone?

The soils are predominantly soddy-podzolic and, in South America, New Zealand and the mountain forests of Eurasia, brown forest soils. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga. Mixed forests are of ancient origin and were much more widespread in the geological past.

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Ecology DIRECTORY

Oak forests have the most beneficial effect on people with cardiovascular diseases. The impact of linden forests on humans is positive (35% of Russian linden forests are located in Bashkortostan).[...]

Oak forests are rarely represented by pure oak stands. In most cases, they are complex in structure and are distinguished by a rich flora.[...]

Forest is a natural complex in which communities are dominated by trees of one or many species, growing close to each other and forming a more or less closed forest stand. In these communities, several layers are usually distinguished: soil, lichen-moss, herbaceous, shrub, shrub undergrowth, and woody. Depending on the composition, they are distinguished: broad-leaved, small-leaved, evergreen, deciduous, coniferous, light-coniferous, dark-coniferous, hard-leaved, tropical, monsoon, etc. Forests are one of the most powerful accumulators of living matter in the biosphere, actively interacting with the atmosphere, determining the level of oxygen exchange and FO There are also types of forests: ravine (mainly oak forest on the tops and slopes of gullies in the steppe zone), primary and secondary, virgin, recreational, etc. [...]

In the oak forests of the foothills and middle mountains of the North Caucasus, gradual felling in two or three steps is recommended, with the first step being carried out in the seed year, bringing the stand density to 0.5. On the other hand, gradual logging in the forests of the Caucasus can promote the development of grass cover, which prevents oak regeneration. In oak-hornbeam plantations, gradual felling leads to the replacement of oak by hornbeam, and in pure oak forests - to the cessation of oak regeneration.[...]

In oak forests, strip fellings, including narrow cuttings, are lushly overgrown with growth of various tree species and shrubs. The decisive measure for obtaining a forest stand with a large participation of seed oak (and other species) is timely and systematic care of the young trees. In such a case, 500-1000 good, evenly scattered seed specimens of valuable species will be sufficient, while without care, even 10-20 thousand specimens may give almost no effect.[...]

For an oak forest it is equal to 2.404/1п 20 = 0.8025, and for a coniferous crop 2.056/1п 14 = 0.7791.[...]

For oak forests of the Amur region, infection with a fungal infection through fire injuries was noted at the end of the last century by Acad. V.L. Komarov (23), who saw this as the main reason for “all the complaints about Mongolian oak as a bad material.” [...]

Finally, in oak forests, as in forests of other composition, final, i.e., clear cutting can be combined with previous thinning, as shown above in the example of pine forests. In this case, as K. B. Lositsky rightly notes, the preparatory and seeding stages are carried out in the order of thinnings, which do not end in ripening plantings, but continue in ripe ones, until they receive sufficient quantity and good quality oak regeneration under the canopy plantings.[...]

The settlement of an oak forest, accompanied by a change in the structure of the soil, entails a further change in its most diverse properties - water permeability, air permeability, thermal conductivity, etc. [...]

In pine forests, as they are more wind-resistant, more severe thinning is permissible than in spruce forests. The concern here is the possibility of strong grass and undergrowth development. The same concern applies to beech and oak forests.[...]

In this type of forest, the trunks of all tree species provide the highest percentage of commercial timber and the most valuable quality assortments for export. Staves for wine barrels are considered the best of oak woods on dry piles. Dry piles represent a stand of quality II. They grow on soils with groundwater lying much deeper (“several fathoms”). Forest growth is slower, but very uniform, with annual rings of uniform width.[...]

A great expert on oak forests, the Russian forester B.I. Guzovsky, who created valuable oak plantations in Chuvashia, proposed in 1909 at the Tula Congress of Foresters a scheme of gradual two-stage felling for oak forests. In the first session, he recommended removing secondary species from the first and second tiers, overmature and diseased oak trees, and in the second session, thinning out the dense undergrowth of hazel.[...]

For cattle breeding, oak forests with acorns, shoots and leaves, readily eaten by livestock, are known to have played a very important role even in the Middle Ages. From fire, which Neolithic man could use to burn out forests to obtain small patches of arable land, oak suffers much less than conifers such as pine or spruce.[...]

Currently, oak forests in Russia grow on an area of ​​9,737 thousand hectares, of which 3,911 thousand hectares, or 40.2%, are occupied by coppice, unproductive, predominantly diseased oak forests. Therefore, the main problem of oak forestry is the transition of low-trunk farming to high-trunk farming. This problem is especially acute for the following regions: Povolzhsky, where out of 1202 thousand hectares, 969 thousand hectares, or 80.6%, are occupied by coppice oak forests; Central Black Earth (61.9%); Central (53.2%); Uralsky, where out of an area of ​​618 thousand hectares dominated by oak, 574 thousand hectares, or 92.8%, are occupied by coppice forests. The picture is relatively more prosperous in Ukraine, where the share of low-stemmed oak forests accounts for 21.5%, but still, here, too, the seriousness of the problem cannot be underestimated - in absolute terms, the area of ​​coppice oak forests (363 thousand hectares) is quite significant. [...]

Gradual felling in oak forests. The following speaks in favor of the use of gradual felling in oak forests: the weight of oak seeds (acorns) falling to the ground in close proximity to the mother trees; protecting acorns caught in the litter from drying out; the possibility of growing even-aged oak trees with trunks well cleared of branches.[...]

Peter T returned to the ban on cutting down forests more than once. He issued a number of decrees prohibiting burning forests, grazing goats and pigs in them, making timber (to reduce wood waste), and the tsar sent the so-called “knowledgeable people” to inspect oak forests on the Volga. He forbade cutting down the forests of Novgorod, Starorussky, Lutsk and Toropetsk districts.[...]

Gradual logging in oak forests can be combined with other logging methods. For Shipov Forest, for example, prof.[...]

An analysis of gradual felling in oak forests shows that without carrying out oak care measures (lightening, cleaning, etc.) it is impossible to obtain good results. Although many of our foresters prefer clear cuttings with preliminary renewal, in certain conditions gradual cuttings have advantages over clear cuttings. In the lowland regions of the country, with frequent seed years, gradual felling is possible in many types of forests (with the exception of dry ones); with rare harvests, they are impractical. In mountain oak forests, gradual felling deserves more attention. As a measure of impact on the soil during gradual logging in oak forests, in addition to loosening, we can recommend grazing pigs in the forest before the logging.[...]

As studies in oak forests of the North Caucasus have shown, when relying on the preliminary regeneration of oak and promoting it, in many cases clear-cutting can be successfully carried out. Some foresters also allow these fellings for the spruce-fir forests of Kazakhstan. However, they should not be used on steep slopes, and in the future it is necessary to switch to other cutting methods. In mountainous, as in lowland forests, maintenance of oak plantations is necessary, not only with clear felling, but also with other methods of felling.[...]

Summarizing the experience of farming in the oak forests of our country over a hundred-year period, prof. A.V. Tyurin notes that the possibility of seed-based natural regeneration of oak forests during clear cutting is ensured in all growing conditions, except very dry ones, and in all zones except the steppe.[...]

Speaking about gradual felling in oak forests, you need to pay attention to the following circumstance. Oak usually has a wide crown, powerful side shoots, thick branches, and great weight. When felling such trees, the young growth can be seriously damaged, therefore, when making the final step of gradual felling in oak forests, after the young generation of oak has formed under the canopy, it is necessary to cut off the branches and twigs of the oak at the root, before felling.[...]

The change in soil temperature under the forest is largely due to the role of the forest litter, which has reduced thermal conductivity. It was found that the summer temperature of the soil under a pine forest (in the Urals) is 6.5, and under an oak forest (near Voronezh) 8°C lower than in the soil in neighboring fields. In winter, the soil temperature under the forest is slightly higher, and the freezing depth is less than in the fields. In forest soils, the amplitude of not only seasonal, but also daily temperature fluctuations decreases.[...]

Professor N. M. Gorshenin is a supporter of the use of hollow cuttings in the mountain forests of the Carpathians, as well as cuttings that combine elements of clear and gradual felling in certain areas. In his opinion, these fellings are more economically efficient than gradual fellings: the correct shape of the basins makes it easier to organize the cutting area and facilitates the mechanization of cutting operations; when the basins expand from top to bottom during the cutting of each subsequent basin, the undergrowth on the previously developed basin is not damaged. These provisions deserve attention. Romanian foresters (Constantinescu) give high marks to hollow logging, including in beech and oak forests.[...]

Natural seed regeneration of the forest during clear-cutting for species with heavy seeds (oak, beech) is difficult. Very often in these cases there is a replacement of valuable species with less valuable ones or a replacement of the seed generation with the coppice generation. In this regard, when clear-cutting in oak forests, artificial regeneration is of great importance.[...]

Under the mounds, located in the depths of the oak forest, there are also ordinary chernozems. The profile of the background dark gray forest soils is characterized by significant textural differentiation. Dark gray forests on the surface of the mounds are less differentiated. The climate in the Urvan area is much drier (about 600 mm of precipitation per year) than in Novosvobodnaya. Chernozems have a humus horizon of lower thickness, carbonates in the soil profile are leached shallowly. [...]

The best representatives of broad-leaved forests are oak forests or oak groves with their constant companions linden and maple. Centuries-old oak forests form the basis of most of the most famous Ukrainian parks: Sofievka, Alexandria, Kachanovka, Sharovka. Oak and linden groves adorn Pavlovsky Park, Petrodvorets parks, Lomonosov parks and many other parks near Leningrad. A park named after two centuries was formed from two-hundred-year-old oak trees. Dzerzhinsky in Ostankino, as well as other Moscow parks.[...]

In our country, they preferred to carry out clear-cutting in oak forests. Many Russian foresters spoke in favor of carrying out logging felling with a width of 50-100 m.[...]

According to the forest fund accounting data as of 1/1 1966, oak forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians and Ciscarpathians occupy 117.9 thousand hectares, or 9.6% of the forested area, including tall oak forests of 103 thousand hectares, or 8.4 % forested area.[...]

In our country, they preferred to carry out clear-cutting in oak forests. As we said, forester G. A. Kornakovsky developed a method of narrow-band clear-cutting specifically for oak farming. Many Soviet foresters and specialists in oak farming are in favor of clear-cutting with wider (50-100 m) cutting areas than G. A. Kornakovsky: K. B. Lositsky, A. B. Zhukov, M. V. Kolesnichenko and etc.[ …]

Russian forester B.I. Guzovsky, who created valuable oak plantations in Chuvashia, proposed in 1909 a scheme of gradual two-stage felling for oak forests. In the first step, he recommended removing secondary species from the first and second tiers, overmature and diseased trees, and in the second step, thinning out the dense hazel undergrowth. The scheme itself has not been widely used in practice, but it reflects some valuable provisions that have not lost their significance even now. One of them is a special approach to the undergrowth. Hazel plays a dual role in the existence of the oak; it varies depending on the density of the undergrowth: it is necessary to periodically thin out the hazel undergrowth, but not completely cut it down. A sparse hazel undergrowth is beneficial for the oak, but a dense undergrowth is harmful. When carrying out clear cuttings in oak forests, it is necessary to take into account the situation and prevent the oak from being drowned out by hazel.[...]

Pushkinskaya O.I. Materials for characterizing the microflora of soils in oak forests of the Tellerman experimental forestry. Proceedings of the Forest Institute, vol. VII 1951. [...]

G.A. Kornakovsky saw the difficulties that arise during clear-cutting in oak forests: contamination of clear-cuts from the forest walls is excluded, attempts to leave seed seeds were unsuccessful, since a lot of them were required, in addition, the crown of the abandoned trees often dried out, and water shoots appeared on the trunks (“ shelves"), which reduced the seed yield and worsened the technical properties of wood.[...]

A classic example of the use of directional interference is the protection of oak forests in the United States from gypsy moths. In one of the options for protecting forests, they used the fact that a small, active male finds a larger, sedentary female by the smell of an attractive substance she secretes, and at a fairly considerable distance (tens and hundreds of meters). Through special research, scientists were able to identify the chemical composition of this substance (attractant) and create its artificial analogue. This analogue was used to impregnate (or cover) small pieces of special paper, which were scattered over forests from airplanes, thereby creating an odor background and preventing males from orienting themselves in search of females.[...]

For the overwhelming majority of foresters in our country, it is now an axiom that for oak forests, not one of the existing methods of final felling, not one of the methods of renewal, will be successful without the use of oak care measures, including thinning.[...]

Batten (1976) obtained data on bird species richness and abundance in several natural forests and coniferous stands in Killarney, Ireland. Part of this study was to determine the possible depletion of the biota of coniferous crops compared to endemic forests. In this example, the diversity of two tracts, the Derrycoonyhigh oak forest (10.75 ha) and the Norway spruce community (I ha), was determined using the Shannon diversity index. To assess the diversity of these areas, the t criterion was used.[...]

The vegetation under which gray forest soils are formed is represented by deciduous herbaceous forests. To the west of the Dnieper, the forests have a hornbeam-oak composition, between the Dnieper and the Volga - linden-oak with an admixture of ash. Linden and oak forests reach the Urals, to the east of which, within the West Siberian Lowland, birch and aspen forests predominate. Larch appears to the east. Deciduous forests have abundant grass cover.[...]

From the tables it is easy to find out that the diversity of birds in the two forests is significantly different (P[...]

Viburnum evergreen - Viburnum tinus L. - is an evergreen shrub with spreading shoots, up to 2 m tall, growing in the undergrowth of oak forests in the Mediterranean. Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae). Young shoots are reddish, the leaves are lanceolate-oval, shiny above, hairy along the veins below. The flowers are whitish-pink in capitate inflorescences. Needs bright lighting. Does not bloom in the shade. In winter, the temperature should not exceed 13°. Substrate: turf, humus, leaf soil, sand (2:1:1:1). To form a bush, pruning and pinching are necessary. Good for group compositions in the winter garden.[...]

Endemic to Crimea. It is found very rarely, known only from a few locations in the forest-steppe part of the foothills, in the oak forests of the outskirts of Belogorsk, Russian Burunduk. The only representative of the Mediterranean genus found in the wild on the territory of the European part of the USSR.[...]

According to geobotanical zoning, the territory of the reserve belongs to the Usmansky district of green moss pine and sedge oak forests of the Bobrovo-Usmansky district of the Central Russian oak-pine province. Natural forest biogeocenoses of the reserve are represented by indigenous types of plantings: oak-green moss-forb pine forests, sedge-sedge oak forests, reed-reed alder forests. In areas of clearings and burnt areas, derivative forest types have formed: forb-sedge aspen forests, aspen-sedge oak forests, alder-aspen-nettle birch forests, and blueberry-moly birch forests. The largest area in the reserve is occupied by pine forests (35.2%), followed by oak forests (31.1%), aspen forests (21.5%), birch forests (6.2%), alder forests (5.3%), and other plantings (0.7%). The average age of pine forests is 94 years, oak forests - 70 years, aspen forests - 60 years, birch forests - 65 years, alder forests - 60 years.[...]

Extensive measures for nature protection, which were of a national nature, were provided for by the decrees of Peter I. Particular importance was attached to the protection of forests. Thus, in sparsely forested areas it was forbidden to use forests for firewood and it was ordered to develop peat bogs for heating. One of the decrees provided for the protection of forests along the banks of rivers in a 20-50-verst area. As water protection and ship protection, they were declared nature reserves. Special decrees prescribed forest planting in the southern regions. Under threat of severe punishment, landowners were forbidden to cut down oak forests on their lands. The forest areas owned by the factories were to be divided into 25-30 cutting areas, in which only one was allowed to be cut down annually with mandatory reforestation. City parks and “apothecary” (botanical) gardens were established in Moscow and St. Petersburg.[...]

Pines are extremely valuable material for afforestation. It is curious that back in the 7th century. n. e. The Visigoths, who captured Southern Europe and were concerned about the depletion of its forests as a result of their predatory extermination, ordered by a special law the planting of pine and oak forests on the territory of the kingdom they created.[...]

In forest stands on low-fertility soils (for example, on alkaline soils) or in unfavorable climatic conditions, strip cutting not only does not significantly improve forest regeneration, but can also have a harmful effect on the forest strips left standing - causing water sprouts to form on the edges of the trunks, dead tops of trees and etc. This was established by Burlakov in relation to strip logging in oak forests of the Kharkov region [...]

EXTRASO-NAL VEGETATION - zonal vegetation located outside the zone for which it is characteristic. It is found in the form of isolated tracts in ecologically favorable habitats (grove oak forests in the steppe zone, areas of broad-leaved forests in the southern taiga, meadows in the subzone of broad-leaved forests, etc.). PLANT RESOURCES - part of biological resources, usually allocated in the volume of higher plants and their communities. PLANT ASPECT - see Vegetable aspect. PLANT WORLD - see Flora.[...]

Beech, elm, birch, oak, hornbeam, alder, hazel, rowan and other species are valued for their ability to produce easily curling foliage, facilitating the formation of mulle. Another brilliant M.V. Lomonosov drew attention to the fact that under birch trees in northern forests there is a different, darker soil than under conifers (I.S. Melekhov). In southern Sweden, beech and oak forests grow on brown soils, which are mulled soils. If these forests are replaced by coniferous or heather, the brown soils begin to degrade and turn into podzolic soils. But if birch settles on such podzolized soils, then the latter again returns the soil to the mulled stage with reduced acidity, with the presence of broad grass, earthworms and a changed character of humus.[...]

Forest plantations remove pesticides from surface waters. The concentration of hexachlorane in water passing through forest plantations decreases by an average of 80%, chlorophos - by 50%. Pine and maple-linden associations have the greatest cleansing effect. There is a great difference in bacterial contamination of water draining forested and non-forested lands, for example, pastures. In 1 liter of water entering the reservoirs from the pasture, 920 E. coli (coli index) were found, while water from pine plantations contained 18 times less of them, and from a mixed oak forest 23 times less (Pobedinsky, 1979). The number of E. coli (bacteria) in water passing through a forest strip 30-45 m wide is 2-2.5 times less than in water flowing from open areas. The water purification function of undisturbed highly productive landscapes has long been known and successfully used in practice.[...]

Biological pollution can be no less dangerous: just remember epidemics of diseases such as cholera, influenza or plague, the causative agents of which are microorganisms and viruses. Insufficiently purified and neutralized household wastewater contains a large complex of pathogenic microorganisms that cause skin, intestinal and other diseases. In some cases, animals or plants accidentally introduced (relocated) into new ecosystems (macrobiological pollution) can cause great damage to the economy. This happened, for example, in Europe with the American Colorado potato beetle, which became a massive pest of nightshade plants here. Europe “repaid” America by accidentally introducing the gypsy moth into oak forests, which quickly multiplied, finding its ecological niche, and became a dangerous pest for many years.[...]

Most primroses live in the mountains, in wet alpine and subalpine meadows, along the banks of rivers and streams, near springs and melting snowfields (numerous species of primrose, soldanella, etc.), as well as on rocks and dry rocky slopes (Dionnsia, Prolomiica species). Primroses often form colorful alpine carpets. Some members of the family live in flat meadows and along the banks of reservoirs (primrose, loosestrife). Quite a lot of primroses can be found in the tundra (primrose, primrose, American genus Douglasia). In the shallow waters of lakes and ponds, small thickets are formed by species of turkish grass - in Europe, swamp turkish (I. palustris), in North America - swollen turkish (H. inflata). These are free-floating plants with underwater finely pinnately dissected leaves and inflorescences rising above the water. Species of the genus Dodecatheon grow in a variety of ecological conditions, occurring from sea level to high altitudes and from the mild climates of southern California to the Arctic regions of Alaska and the dry areas of the Great Basin. Wildflower (A. arvensis, Fig. 57) is an almost cosmopolitan weed in fields, fallow lands, wastelands, near roads and housing. [...]

Usage [ edit | edit code ]

Oak timber and ornamental timber are produced mainly by the named Russian-European species. Of the other types of oak, the most important is Cork Oak ( Quercus suber

), growing in southern France, Spain, Algeria, and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. It is remarkable for the unusually thick layer of cork that forms in its bark. This layer is several centimeters thick and is used to make bottle caps. Removal of this cork layer begins with 10- or 15-year-old trees. The first plug is no good, but after 8-12 years a new one grows, which goes into use. After the second shooting, the third layer is removed after a certain period of time, etc.

Evergreen Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex

), growing in Italy and in the Mediterranean region in general, produces sweet acorns that are used as food. Many oaks in the east and in warm countries of America, especially in California, are distinguished by the same thing; they were widely used as food by the American Indians. In addition, acorns are used to feed livestock. Acorns from oak trees growing in Russia are used only for making acorn coffee.

Also, under oak trees, forming a symbiotic relationship with their root system, grow the most expensive mushrooms - truffles.

In music[edit | edit code ]

The magic flute from W. A. ​​Mozart's opera is carved from thousand-year-old oak wood. The magic flute then turns into gold.

Coffee drink made from acorns [edit | edit code ]

The powder for the coffee drink can be prepared in advance or used fresh. It should be borne in mind that pre-prepared powder quickly loses its aroma due to evaporation and destruction of the oils included in it. To prepare a freshly ground coffee drink, specially harvested and prepared acorns are ground in a coffee grinder and brewed like coffee. Ripe, large acorns of green color are harvested, hard to the touch, since soft ones that can be pressed with a finger are wormy. One of the drying options: spread the washed acorns on a baking sheet in one layer and place in a preheated oven. During this time, most of the acorns will burst from the evaporation of moisture inside and turn dark brown. After ten minutes, remove and shell the acorns. To prepare the coffee drink powder, while they are hot, grind the acorns through a meat grinder and place the resulting “minced meat” on baking sheets for further drying in the oven with the door open. Store in a dark place, in a hermetically sealed jar, or in a hygroscopic linen or paper bag.

Oak bark [edit | edit code ]

Oak bark contains a lot of tannic acid, and therefore is used for tanning leather. Oak galls, or ink nuts, that is, pathological formations on the leaves (caused by the laying of eggs in the leaves by insects of the genus Cynips [en]

), also contain tannic acid and a dye used for tanning, making paints and writing inks.
Such nuts are formed on the oak growing in central Russia, and on the Asia Minor and Greek oak - Quercus infectoria
, etc. In the same countries,
Quercus aegilops
, the fruit saucers of which are also used for tanning and are the subject of significant trade.
In the downy oak ( Quercus pubescens
) from the Eastern Mediterranean and neighboring areas of Asia, they are used for tanning leather, dyeing fabrics and producing ink.

Masters of wood plastics use a decoction of oak bark to obtain the effect of ebony [7]:89.

Oak bark is used as a medicine [ citation omitted 398 days

] . Tannins have an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, “fixing” the intestines during diarrhea. An infusion or decoction is good as a gargle for infections of the mouth and throat, as well as for inflammation of the gums. It “tans” the mucous membrane and thereby deprives bacteria of a nutrient medium. Later, the hardened mucosa is replaced by new, healthy tissue.

In ornamental gardening [edit | edit code ]

Oak trees are often planted for urban landscaping; So, swamp oak ( Quercus palustris

) is one of the most popular species in the eastern United States and Europe, and the evergreen Virginia Oak ( Quercus virginiana [en] ) is found in the southern United States.
In the 18th-19th centuries, oak was often used as a tapeworm
in palace and manor parks. In this case, it was usually planted in a clearing in front of the manor's house.

Quercus suber) can be successfully grown

).

Description [edit | edit code ]

Most oak trees are healthy, dense trees. Many species of this genus belong to the so-called evergreens, that is, they are equipped with leathery leaves that remain on the plant for several years. In others, the leaves fall off annually or, when dry, remain on the tree and are gradually destroyed. Most evergreen species have entire leaves, others have lobed leaves. The flowers are monoecious: male and female on the same plant. Female flowers form small bunches or earrings, while male flowers are collected in hanging or standing, often long earrings. The floral integument is simple, poorly developed, but at the base of the female flowers many scale-like leaves are formed, located on an annular ridge, which is nothing more than an overgrown receptacle. Flower formula: ∗ P ( 6 − 8 ) A 6 − 10 G 0 <(6-8)>;A_<6-10>;G_<0>> and ∗ P 3 + 3 A 0 G ( 3 _ ) < 3+3>;A_<0>;G_<(<3>>)>> [4] .

When the fruits ripen, this roller, together with its scales, grows even more and thus a characteristic saucer is formed - a plus, which envelops the oak fruit, or acorn, from below. In different types of oak, the size of acorns and the shape of the scales are extremely varied: in some the scales are very small, in others, like the Hungarian oak, they are almost a centimeter long, turned away, etc. The ovary of oak flowers is almost always three-locular; but during the ripening of the fruit, only one nest grows and a single-seeded fruit with a strong, leathery pericarp is obtained, which is classified as a nut-shaped fruit.

What is the name of a place where there are many different flowers?

A greenhouse is an extension or building for growing plants, an artificial ecosystem.

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Monument oaks and protected oaks [edit | edit code ]

There are many individual trees in the oak genus that have become widely known either because of their age, size, or other unique reasons. Many of them are considered tourist attractions and are protected. Among them we can note: Mamvrian oak, Stelmuzhsky oak, Pansky oak, Tsar Oak, Kaiser Oak, Chapel Oak, Bogatyr of Taurida, 600-year-old oak.

The oak grove in the vicinity of the village of Shemakha is a protected area in the Chelyabinsk region, the extreme north-eastern distribution area of ​​pedunculate oak.

How many centimeters does an oak tree grow per year?

As for the rhetorical question, how much does an oak tree grow per year in centimeters, there is no direct answer. In the first year of life, the growth of the plant is from 7 to 30 cm, the second from 40 to 80 cm, the third and subsequent years up to 15 years 60-80 cm.

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Recommendations

1. ^ a b c d f g gram h i j
   Brown, James A. (1990).
   Brown, James A.; O'Brien, Patricia J. (Ed.). The Oak Forest Site: Studies of a Oneot Subsistence Settlement in the Cal-Sag Area of ​​Cook County, Illinois, Indiana On the Frontier of Prehistory: Huber's Phase Archeology of the Chicago Area
   . Kampsville, IL: Center for American Archaeology.
2. ^ a b c d e
   Bluhm, Elaine A.;
   Fenner, Gloria J. (1961). Oak Forest Site, IN Chicago Area Archeology
   . University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL: Illinois State Bulletin of Archaeological Research No. 3.
3. Brown, James A., ed. (1961). Zimmerman Site: Report of Excavations at the Great Village of Kaskaskia, LaSalle County, Illinois
   . Springfield, IL: Illinois State Museum, Investigative Reports No. 9.
4. Brown, Margaret Kimball (1975). Zimmerman Site: Further Excavations at the Great Village of Kaskaskia
   . Springfield, IL: Illinois State Museum, Research Reports No. 32.
5. Faulkner, Charles H. (1964). "Raider site". Archaeological Journal of the Central States
   .
   11
   : 90–96.
6. Slaymaker, Charles M. III; Slaymaker, Charles M. Jr. (1971). "Village of Au Sagaunashke: Upper Mississippian Occupation of the Knoll Spring Site, Cook County, Illinois." Illinois Archaeological Survey
   . Bulletin 8: 192–250.
7. ^ a b c
   Cremin, William M. (1980).
   "Schwerdt's Place: A Fifteenth-Century Fishing Station on the Lower Kalamazoo River, Southwestern Michigan." Wisconsin archaeologist
   .
   61
   : 280–292.
8. ^ a b c
   Cremin, William M. (1983).
   "Late prehistoric adaptive strategies in the northern periphery of the Caroline Islands biotic province: a case study from southwestern Michigan." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology
   .
   8
   : 91–107.
9. ^ a b
   McAllister, Paul W. (1980).
   Ceramics at the Schwerdt Site (20AE127): Berrien phase ceramic assemblage in Allegan County, Michigan
   . Kalamazoo, MI: M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University.
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