| Small elm | ||
| Scientific classification | ||
| intermediate ranks Domain: | Eukaryotes | |
| Kingdom: | Plants |
| Department: | Flowering |
| Class: | Dicotyledons[1] |
| Superorder: | Rosanae |
| Order: | Rosaceae |
| Family: | Elm |
| Genus: | Elm |
| View: | Small elm |
| IPNI | [www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Ulmus+minor&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html ???] |
| TPL | [www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Ulmus+minor ???] |
K:Wikipedia:Articles without images (type: not specified)
Small elm
(lat.
Úlmus mínor
) - a species of trees from the genus Elm of the Elm family.
The plant is also called birch bark
,
elm
,
karaich
,
cork elm
,
red elm
.
Botanical description
| Botanical illustration from the book by O. V. Thome “Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz », 1885 | ||||||||||
Small elm is a deciduous tree up to 30 m high and 1.5 m in diameter.
The leaves are toothed, oblong-obovate.
Flowers with rusty-red perianth are collected in bunches. It blooms in March - April, before the leaves bloom. The flowers are honey-bearing.
The fruits (lionfish) ripen in May - June. Propagated by seeds, root suckers, shoots from a stump.
Application
In medicine: Preparations based on small elm (hornbeam) affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system, regulate thyroid function and metabolism. They are used for colds, gastritis, stomach or intestinal ulcers, vascular diseases, skin cancer, and syphilis.
Young elm bark has a diuretic, astringent, blood purifying, hemostatic, analgesic, diaphoretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effect. Elm bark is used for diarrhea, cystitis, edema, inflammatory processes of the uterus, feverish conditions, joint pain, as a means of slowing down the absorption of cholesterol; leaves – for renal and intestinal colic (in powder form).
Externally, decoctions and infusions of the bark are used for baths and washes for skin diseases (scrofula, scabies, rashes, lichens, ulcers), for local baths for hemorrhoids, for compresses for rheumatism, gout, polyarthritis and arthritis. Fresh leaves and young bark in crushed form are applied to wounds (including those that do not heal for a long time) to speed up their healing.
There are references to the use of elm fruits boiled in milk in folk medicine for gonorrhea. In homeopathy, an essence is prepared from the fresh inner bark and used for skin rashes.
In other areas: Small elm (hornbeam) wood is widely used in the furniture industry for the manufacture of plywood and furniture, in carpentry and mechanical engineering. Birch bark flows are highly valued, giving a beautiful pattern when sawing. The bast of the tree is used in the manufacture of ropes and mats, cork growths are used in the manufacture of cork, linoleum, and heat-insulating boards.
Produces a lot of nectar and pollen and is a good early spring honey plant. Bees also collect honeydew from elm leaves.
Hornleaf elm is cultivated as a forest, anti-erosion and park species. It is used in forest protection plantations and for lining apiaries. Elm firewood has a high calorific value. Young elm shoots are used to dye silk crimson. The bark of the trunk is used to dye wool and silk yellow and to tan leather. The branches, buds and leaves of elm are used to feed livestock. The oil from its seeds is used in soap making.
An excerpt characterizing the small elm
– Because not everything is done as expected, and not as regularly as at the parade. We expected, as I told you, to reach the rear by seven o'clock in the morning, but did not arrive at five in the evening. - Why didn’t you come at seven o’clock in the morning? “You should have come at seven o’clock in the morning,” Bilibin said smiling, “you should have come at seven o’clock in the morning.” – Why didn’t you convince Bonaparte through diplomatic means that it was better for him to leave Genoa? – Prince Andrei said in the same tone. “I know,” Bilibin interrupted, “you think it’s very easy to take marshals while sitting on the sofa in front of the fireplace.” This is true, but still, why didn’t you take it? And do not be surprised that not only the Minister of War, but also the August Emperor and King Franz will not be very happy with your victory; and I, the unfortunate secretary of the Russian embassy, do not feel any need to give my Franz a thaler as a sign of joy and let him go with his Liebchen [sweetheart] to the Prater... True, there is no Prater here. He looked straight at Prince Andrei and suddenly pulled the collected skin off his forehead. “Now it’s my turn to ask you why, my dear,” said Bolkonsky. “I confess to you that I don’t understand, maybe there are diplomatic subtleties here that are beyond my weak mind, but I don’t understand: Mack is losing an entire army, Archduke Ferdinand and Archduke Charles do not show any signs of life and make mistakes after mistakes, finally, alone Kutuzov wins a real victory, destroys the charme [charm] of the French, and the Minister of War is not even interested in knowing the details. “That’s exactly why, my dear.” Voyez vous, mon cher: [You see, my dear:] hurray! for the Tsar, for Rus', for the faith! Tout ca est bel et bon, [all this is fine and good,] but what do we, I say, the Austrian court, care about your victories? Bring us your good news about the victory of Archduke Charles or Ferdinand - un archiduc vaut l'autre, [one Archduke is worth another,] as you know - even over a company of Bonaparte's fire brigade, that's another matter, we'll thunder into the cannons. Otherwise, as if on purpose, this can only tease us. Archduke Charles does nothing, Archduke Ferdinand is covered in shame. You abandon Vienna, you no longer defend it, comme si vous nous disiez: [as if you told us:] God is with us, and God is with you, with your capital. One general whom we all loved, Shmit: you bring him under the bullet and congratulate us on the victory!... Agree that it is impossible to think of anything more irritating than the news you bring. C'est comme un fait expres, comme un fait expres. [It’s as if on purpose, as if on purpose.] Besides, well, if you had definitely won a brilliant victory, even if Archduke Charles had won, what would it have changed in the general course of affairs? It is too late now that Vienna is occupied by French troops.
Popular types
The following types of elm tree are described.
Hornbeam
Hornleaf elm is found in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Europe and North Africa. This is a light-loving deciduous tree, but it also grows in the shade without any problems. It reaches a height of twenty-five meters, the maximum diameter of its crown is ten meters.
Elms are characterized by a high growth rate and tolerate pruning well, making these trees well suited for forming hedges. They will look great on a well-kept lawn. In appearance they go well with bird cherry, rowan, as well as apple and cherry trees.
The biological description of this species is as follows. Corky growths sometimes appear on dark brown branches. The pointed leaves are large in size , smooth on top, and their underside is covered with delicate hair. The foliage, dark green in summer, changes its color to bright yellow in autumn. Even before the leaves appear, small flowers bloom, collected in bunches.
Related article: Jackfruit description and features
They are unpretentious and can withstand frost and drought very well. When grown in favorable climatic conditions, their age can be up to three hundred years. Hornbeam elm is used medicinally. It is used to prepare diuretics and antiseptics. Its bark has the ability to slow down the absorption of cholesterol. A decoction of elm bark is also used to treat burns and some skin diseases.
Hornleaf elm prefers rich, moist soil. For active, high-speed growth, it requires periodic watering and fertilization, for example, adding lime to the soil, which has a beneficial effect on the tree.
Recommendations for growing:
- Nutritious, moist soil is better suited;
- Periodically, elms should be fertilized with lime.
if natural moisture is insufficient, trees require watering;
Smooth elm is also sometimes called common and large-leaved elm. Distributed throughout Europe. It grows up to twenty, and in rare cases up to forty meters in height. It has a wide crown with a diameter of up to twenty meters. The trunk of such an elm is straight, with a diameter of up to one and a half meters. The bark covering young shoots is smooth, but with age it becomes rougher, cracks and begins to flake off. Large leaves have a pointed or ovoid shape. The upper side of the leaf is dark green, the lower side has a lighter shade. In autumn the foliage changes color to brownish purple. Small brown flowers bloom in spring .
These plants are characterized by a developed root system. In mature trees, thick roots can protrude from the trunk to a height of up to half a meter above the ground. The tree grows quickly, and its lifespan can sometimes be four hundred years. Tolerates drought well, but prefers moist soil. It tolerates short-term flooding without any difficulties.
The common elm tree has dense , durable wood, but is quite easy to process. This tree is widely used in the production of furniture and other carpentry. Elm does not rot in water, so in the Middle Ages water pipes and supports for piers and bridges were made from it. Smooth elm bark was used in tanning leather.
Elm is also of great benefit in urban areas - its leaves can retain a much larger amount of dust than other trees. Thanks to their extensive root system, elms are well suited for strengthening the soil on the sides of ravines and on cliffs.
Androsova elm is an artificially obtained hybrid of squat and dense elms. A mature tree can reach twenty meters in height. It has a dense spherical crown, thanks to which it provides good shade. Covered with gray bark. The leaves, like those of many elms, according to the description, have an ovoid or pointed shape.
It often grows in moist soils, but can easily tolerate drought . It forms many side shoots , making it excellent at capturing dust in urban environments. The crown of this tree lends itself well to shaping, which allowed the elm to become one of the most popular garden plants.
-loving perennial ornamental plants grow well under the canopy of elm crowns
- Wolfsbane (Wrestler);
- Bell;
- Buzulnik Przhevalsky;
- catchment;
- Saxifraga;
- Asparagus;
- Ferns;
- Astilbe.
Dense elm is rare in nature, mainly in Central Asia. This large tree can reach a height of up to thirty meters. Its developed crown has a pyramidal shape and provides excellent dense shade. Young branches are covered with light brown or grayish bark, which darkens over time. The leaves are medium-sized, no more than seven centimeters in length, with a characteristic ovoid shape.
This elm is unpretentious, frost- and drought-resistant, but grows better in moist soils. The hardy tree tolerates gas pollution well.
Lobed elm is also called cutting or mountain elm. Found in the Far East, including Japan and China. This is a characteristic tree species for deciduous and mixed forests. It can be found in mountain forests at altitudes up to two kilometers. Usually it grows no higher than thirty meters.
The tree, covered with grayish or grayish-brown bark, has a wide crown of a cylindrical or rounded shape. Large leaves are pointed at the top. Sometimes they are divided into 3-5 pointed lobes. The plant tolerates unfavorable environmental conditions well.
Cirrus-branched
In the regions of the Volga region, Southern Urals, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, this tree is called pinnately branched elm. Often grows on mountain slopes , pebble and sandy soils. Prefers places with high insolation. It can grow up to twenty-five meters in height. The crown is extensive, spreading, but due to the small size of the leaves it provides weak shade.
Its small leaves are arranged in 2 rows, visually giving the impression of large feathery leaves, which determined the name of the species. The plant tolerates cold well, easily tolerates drought and can survive in difficult soils, including saline ones. It has a high growth rate , but reaches its maximum possible growth height only in favorable conditions: in a warm climate on moist soils. It takes root and grows in urban environments without problems. The crown lends itself well to shaping.
Distributed in the Far East, Mongolia, China, Japan and Korea. It can grow as a bush or as a tree up to fifteen meters high. It has leaves, pointed at the ends, of medium, elm-sized, ovoid shape. David's elm has a variety - “Japanese”, which is sometimes isolated as an independent species. The oldest of these elms grows in Korea, its age is about eight centuries.
Small elm has many different names - birch bark, karaich, cork, red or field. Distribution area: Western and Eastern Europe (including the European part of Russia), Asia Minor. Characteristic of deciduous and mixed forests along river banks and even in mountainous areas.
Article on the topic: Pawpaw three-lobed description and features
Depending on conditions, the tree can have a height of ten to thirty meters. The crown starts almost from the ground. The leaves widen towards the pointed end . The lifespan of this tree can be up to four hundred years. Elm prefers well-lit places, easily tolerates drought, but, unlike many types of elm, is poorly adapted to low temperatures. A distinctive feature of this species is a wide network of roots protruding above the surface of the ground.
Its root network can significantly reduce the impact of erosion. Because of this, small elm is often used to create protective forest belts.
Large-fruited
This species is found in the Far East (including Mongolia, China and Korea). It is found on river banks and mountain slopes. It can be a shrub or tree up to eleven meters high, the crown is developed and spreading. The trunk and old branches are covered with gray, brown, sometimes yellowish bark. The foliage is large, shiny, rough on top and smooth below.
The species got its name because of its large fruits compared to other elms. The species is thermophilic and does not tolerate frost. But it has the highest drought resistance. It is actively used to secure the walls of quarries, embankments and cliffs.
Rough or mountain elm is characteristic of European, North American and Asian deciduous and mixed forests. This is a large tree up to forty meters high with a lush spreading crown and smooth brown bark. It has large ovate leaves with a jagged edge, covered with hard hair underneath.
This species is very demanding on the soil: it prefers rich and sufficiently moist soil, and does not take root in saline soils. Frost-resistant, easily tolerates drought and urban conditions. The wood of the rough elm is extremely hard.
American
Its homeland is North America. It was artificially introduced to Europe back in the eighteenth century, but did not gain popularity, since local tree species are of higher value.
It often grows on the banks of rivers and lakes, but is also found in drier places. Grows up to thirty, rarely forty meters. The crown has a cylindrical shape , the trunk is covered with light gray scaly bark. The elongated leaves are egg-shaped and medium in size. Frost-resistant.
Literature
- Genus 1. Ulmus L. - Elm, Elm or Berest // Trees and shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. / Ed. volumes S. Ya. Sokolov. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1951. - T. II. Angiosperms. - P. 506. - 612 p. — 2500 copies.
- Genus 369. Elm, Elm or Birch bark - Ulmus L. // Flora of the USSR. In 30 t / Ch. ed. and ed. volumes acad. V. L. Komarov. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936. - T. V. - P. 370. - 762 + XXVI p. — 5175 copies.
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