§49. Timber industry complex
1. Wood is a universal raw material. How was wood used on the farm in different historical periods?
In our northern country, wood has long been used not only for buildings, but also for heating, in everyday life, and as a material for folk art. Later, wood began to be used in many industries, primarily as a raw material for the chemical industry. In modern times, chemical processing of wood makes it possible to dispose of sawdust and woodworking waste: sawdust, shavings, and chips. From these cheap raw materials you can obtain ethyl alcohol, glycerin, turpentine, tar and other products.
2. Choose the correct answer. The timber industry complex includes: a) wood chemistry and metallurgy; b) woodworking and wood chemistry; c) woodworking and mining industries.
The correct answer is b) woodworking and forest chemicals.
3. Where and why are wood processing enterprises located?
Mechanical processing of wood is carried out both in logging areas and in consumption areas.
The pulp and paper industry is characterized by high material intensity, high water intensity and significant energy intensity. This industry is most developed in the European North, which produces more than half of all cellulose. The Arkhangelsk region especially stands out, where three huge pulp and paper mills operate. The Irkutsk region is in second place, and the Komi Republic is in third place.
Thus, timber processing is mainly concentrated in the same place as its harvesting. An additional location factor is water resources, so the largest pulp and paper mills are located on large rivers.
4. Name the main centers of the pulp and paper industry. Explain the features of their placement.
There are three huge pulp and paper mills operating in the Arkhangelsk region: In Arkhangelsk itself, in its suburb of Novodvinsk, and near Kotlas (Koryazhma). In the Irkutsk region, factories are located in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk and Baikalsk. In the Komi Republic there are factories in Syktyvkar, in Karelia - in Segezha and Kondopoga. All settlements are provided with the necessary amount of raw materials and water resources.
5. What industries is the forest industry most closely related to? Why?
The timber industry complex consists of industries - logging (felling, skidding), woodworking (sawmill, plywood, furniture, house-building), wood chemical (rosin, hydrolysis), pulp and paper (production of pulp, paper), where chemical processing of wood is combined with mechanical processing . The names of these industries reflect three stages of production: wood harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing.
6. What problems does the timber industry face? What do you think are possible ways to solve them?
Loggers are far from being economical in managing forest reserves. In some forests, closer to centers and transport routes, they are overcut and depleted, while in others, in remote areas, the wood is rotting on the vine. A lot of wood is damaged during the logging process. A lot of waste remains at cutting sites, along timber transportation routes, and during sawmilling.
Another problem is incomplete processing of wood raw materials. Russian exports are dominated by either simple roundwood or semi-finished products - cellulose. Developed countries export finished products that are several times more expensive.
In addition, protecting forests from fires, pests and poachers remains a very pressing problem.
7. Why do you think products made from solid natural wood are especially valued now?
Nowadays, they are valued because they are durable, environmentally friendly and very beautiful.
8. What folk crafts related to the use of wood do you know? In what areas are they located?
The village of Bogorodskoye (Moscow region, Sergiev Posad district). Sculptural carving. Specialization: wooden toy.
Villages: Abramtsevo, Kudrino, Akhtyrka and village. Khotkovo. (Sergiev Posad district) Flat-relief carving. It arose at the end of the 19th century. Topic: plants and birds. Main product: box.
The city of Kirov is the main center. The fishery arose at the beginning of the 19th century. Also in the city of Ufa (Bashkiria) Specialization: artistic products from burl and kapokorn (growths on the trunks and roots of birch, walnut and elm. Main products: boxes, boxes, cigarette cases, watch cases
Veliky Ustyug (Vologda region), Semenov (Nizhny Novgorod region), Arkhangelsk, Tomsk regions and Yakutia: products from birch bark. Main products: baskets, boxes, boxes, boxes, vessels for storing honey and sour cream. Birch bark is harvested at the turn of spring and summer.
Sergiev Posad. Painting on wood with burning. It arose at the end of the 19th century, beginning of the 20th century. Products: caskets and boxes with images of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the cities of the “Golden Ring” of Russia.
Kirov, Sergiev Posad, Semenov, Polkhov-Maidan village: nesting doll.
APPLICATION OF WOOD
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries Read more: RUSSIAN FORESTRY COMPLEX IN NEW CONDITIONS
2. APPLICATION OF WOOD
With the development of chemistry, the use of gas, oil and other types of organic raw materials has increased for the production of products made in the past from wood, but its consumption has not decreased, since the demand for items that can so far only be produced from wood has increased. In addition, the development of chemistry has expanded the scope of wood applications. New processing methods have already been found that make it possible to transform wood into a material that is fireproof, flexible, flowing, super-hard, whatever you want!
Wood remains the main raw material for the manufacture of barrels, matches, and shaft fastenings. Science is constantly expanding the range of uses of wood. However, traditional areas of its application are also growing. In just half a century, the share of wood used for the production of paper and cardboard in most countries has increased from 5-12 percent to 25-40 percent and continues to increase. This is the most valuable material. People have known the secret of paper making for more than two thousand years. In the old days, the raw materials for the paper industry were papyrus, cotton, hemp, etc. Paper made from them was expensive, and products made from it were not affordable for ordinary people. In 1840, the German engineer Keller, and then our compatriots Usachev, Zherestoz and others found a way to make paper from wood.
In general, the fate of great discoveries is not the same. Some of them immediately take a firm place in people’s lives, bringing honors and fame to their creators. This did not happen with the invention of “wooden” paper, although its discovery is difficult to overestimate. Is it not to cheap, durable, easily accessible paper that we owe the growth of culture and education! If it weren’t for paper made from wood, there would be no inexpensive books, writing instruments, magazines, newspapers... But can you really read everything? Moreover, the number of products made from it is increasing. Paper has now been used to make excellent construction and packaging material, furniture boards, napkins, sheets, shirts and much, much more. Tens of millions of cubic meters of wood are processed into paper every year. And this is perhaps the most effective way to use wood. The only pity is that a lot of paper is then lost irretrievably, although with reasonable organization of waste paper collection it would be possible to put the paper back into circulation again and again. In the USA, 25 percent of paper and cardboard are already produced from waste paper, in Japan - 33 percent. Our use of recycled materials is also improving. This helps save many hectares of coniferous forests, from which paper is mainly produced.
In its structure, wood tissue is similar to the tissues of other plants, and its chemical composition resembles ordinary sugar, only the molecules of cellulose and hemicellulose are larger in size. Under the influence of chemicals, they are broken down into glucose, which is easily
ferment into alcohol or grow edible protein products in sweet stillage. Nowadays wood is widely used in hydrolysis plants to produce food products, alcohol, and phenols. Its chemical processing is the most promising direction. Artificial silk, varnishes, paints, alcohol - all this is made from trees. Moreover, from low quality trees and wood processing waste.
3. FOREST COMPLEX OF RUSSIA
The area of the world's forests is 2842 million hectares, the gross timber reserve in them is 321 billion cubic meters, of which Russia's forest resources (in absolute size) are 771 million hectares (27.1% of the world's forests), and reserves - 81.6 billion cubic meters (25% of world reserves). Of the three dozen countries in the northern hemisphere, Russia (per capita) ranks:
in terms of average wood growth - fifth place (after Canada, Finland, Sweden and Norway);
in terms of wood reserves - third place (after Canada and Finland);
in terms of annual volume of procurement - sixth place.
4. FORESTRY COMPLEX IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY
Since 1975, there has been a steady downward trend in the share of forestry industries in the country's gross social product from 3.3 to 2.7% in 1991, and the share of industry from 5.1 to 4.1% (in Finland about 20%).
The share of timber and pulp and paper products in the total value of the country's exports was at the end of the 80s. only 3.3-3.4%, and foreign exchange earnings on average 3.4 billion dollars. USA per year (in 1992 - $1.2 billion). In turn, imports of certain types of papers, cardboard, and cellulose from other countries amounted to 1.2% of the total value of imported goods.
The low quality of domestic forest products leads to large losses in foreign exchange earnings.
Of the total volume of wood harvested in Russia (354 million cubic meters in 1988 and 240 million cubic meters in 1992), only about 18% is sent for deep processing, of which only 12% is used for the production of cellulose and wood pulp .3% (in the USA - 30.8%); 2.1-2.7% of timber harvests are processed into plywood (in the USA - 7.7%).
Despite priority development in 1975-1990. production of deep wood processing, Russia lags significantly behind industrial countries in the production of the main types of products per unit of harvested wood. The tabular data below gives an idea of the production volumes in 1990 of some types of forest products per 1000 cubic meters of harvested wood.
| COUNTRIES | Lumber (including sleepers), cubic meters. m | Plywood, cube. m | Cellulose, t | Paper and cardboard, t |
| Russia, on average | 225 | 5,3 | 24,8 | 27,4 |
| Of them: | ||||
| Arhangelsk region | 221 | 2,3 | 99 | 45,3 |
| Republic of Karelia | 96 | 5,1 | 16,0 | 36 |
| Komi Republic | 186 | 2,6 | 71,4 | 118,2 |
| Perm region | 204 | 8,8 | 31,7 | 69,9 |
| Finland | 181.5 | 14,5 | 203 | 348,4 |
| Sweden | 220 | 14,0 | 287 | 146 |
By its very nature, this production structure is wasteful. The shortage of packaging papers (including paper bags) and cardboard leads to huge losses during the transportation and storage of agricultural products, cement, and mineral fertilizers.
There is virtually no production of grease- and moisture-resistant types of packaging papers, which makes it impossible to organize industrial packaging and modern trade in food and non-food products.
For the production of transport packaging alone in Russia, 21-33 million cubic meters of wood and about 1.5 million tons of cardboard are consumed annually. In the USA, 3.5 times less wood is consumed for these purposes, and 10 times less cardboard.
Per capita consumption of cardboard packaging during the year is:
· in the USA - 134 kg;
· in England and Germany - 59 kg each;
· in Russia - 5 kg.
Meanwhile, one ton of container cardboard allows you to save up to 10 cubic meters of lumber.
The weak development of the pulp and paper industry, as the most “omnivorous”, does not allow the widespread use of huge volumes of wood waste and low-quality wood from sanitary fellings.
One of the most important problems that reduces the profitability and competitiveness of existing industries is low labor productivity and the use of a significant amount of outdated equipment in forestry enterprises.
The complex output per one worker in logging is, cubic meters per year:
· in Russia - 620;
· in Finland - 1100;
· in Sweden - 1400;
· in Canada - 2000.
Labor productivity in Russia is lower than in Sweden and Finland:
· in sawmilling by 5-6 times;
· in the production of pulp, paper and cardboard - approximately 4 times.
The use of complex, overweight aggregate logging equipment (feller buncher, skidder, delimbing machine, timber loader, timber truck, production line for cutting, sorting, reloading and storing wood) with the dominant long-length method of logging has determined the strict technological dependence of the main and service industries. At the same time, the technical level of the main types of logging machinery and equipment in Russia corresponds only 7.8% to international standards.
In Scandinavian countries, felling of timber, pruning of branches and cutting into assortments is carried out directly at the cutting sites using a multifunctional machine, and much more often with a conventional chainsaw. The presence of a dense network of roads makes it possible to transport timber on timber trucks with self-loaders directly to consumers or to transshipment points to other vehicles.
The issue of completing the forest harvesting machine fleet in the Forestry Complex Strategy is the most important. When switching to leasing contracts, loggers will not want to purchase expensive, but not entirely reliable and low-productivity equipment.
For example, in terms of specific labor intensity of maintenance, our logging equipment is 4-5 times higher than its foreign counterparts. Labor costs for preparatory and auxiliary work amount to 51.3% of total costs, which is ruinous for enterprises, and in a market economy is simply unacceptable.
The cost of a feller buncher in our country is 9 times higher than the annual wage of a worker (in North America - 4-5 times), and the cost of complex equipment for cutting logs into assortments is 20 times. In other countries, the cost of wood cutting equipment is related to the salary of service workers as 1:1 or 1:2.
If we take into account that prices for wood in Russia cannot be higher than the world average, the costs of its procurement will have to be reduced. The overly mechanized method of logging will gradually give way to Scandinavian technology.
Forestry turned out to be unable to properly organize forest management in the country, form permanent territorial logging bases, and ensure, if not an increase in forest productivity, then at least their timely and complete reproduction.
Since the late 60s. massive devaluation of forests began. Due to the low efficiency of reforestation work, approximately half of the area of young and middle-aged plantations formed in the areas of felled coniferous forest is represented by birch forests, low-value aspen and sulfur alder plantations.
This is retribution for the artificial break in the process of forest management and reforestation (timber industry enterprises and forestry enterprises). Forest thinning was poorly developed, and environmentally acceptable logging equipment was not created.
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries Read more: RUSSIAN FORESTRY COMPLEX IN NEW CONDITIONS
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Wood serves in the national economy as the raw material for the production of more than twenty thousand products and products. Methods for processing wood raw materials are classified into three main groups: mechanical, chemical-mechanical and chemical. The degree of transformation of wood into the final product varies. In some technological processes it retains its original physical and mechanical properties, macro- and microstructure, in others it is used as a source of fibrous raw materials, in others as a chemical raw material.Mechanical wood processing
consists in changing its shape by sawing, planing, milling, peeling, turning, drilling, splitting. As a result
mechanical processing produces a variety of consumer and industrial goods, products and raw materials for related processing industries. By mechanical abrasion of wood, fibrous semi-finished products are obtained.
Chemical-mechanical processing produces an intermediate wood product that is uniform in composition and size—specially cut chips, crushed wood, and veneer. The intermediate product, obtained mechanically, is coated with a synthetic binder. Under the influence of temperature and pressure, a polymerization reaction of the binder occurs, as a result of which the intermediate wood product is firmly glued together. Cement and other mineral binders can be used as a binder. Chemical-mechanical processing produces plywood, wood chipboards, particle boards, cement particle boards, wood concrete and fiberboard. The chemical-mechanical method is used to produce fibrous semi-finished products in the pulp and paper industry.
One of the areas of chemical-mechanical processing is the production of modified wood. The simplest way to improve the natural properties of wood is to increase its density by pressing, called thermomechanical modification (GOST 24329-80). Blanks in the form of bars, boards, rods or cylinders are compacted in molds under pressure up to 70 MPa. Mechanical impact can be combined with heating, steaming, impregnation of wood with mineral oils or resins. Chemical-mechanical modification is carried out by pre-treating the wood with ammonia or urea, followed by pressing. The combined mechanical, thermal and chemical effects cause changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of wood, as a result of which its plasticity increases and pressing conditions improve. The resulting materials have stability of shape and size, high physical and mechanical properties, approximately proportional to the degree of compaction. For chemical modification, pressing is not required. The wood is treated with acetylating reagents and then subjected to long-term heat treatment. The increase in density occurs during radiation-chemical modification in a completely different way. The wood is first impregnated with low-viscosity monomers or aligomers, for example styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, unsaturated resins or mixtures thereof. Polymerization of the monomer in wood is carried out under the influence of gamma rays. The resulting material is wood impregnated with plastic.
Chemical processing of wood is carried out by thermal decomposition, exposure to solvents, alkalis, acids, and acid salts of sulfurous acid. Thermal decomposition, or pyrolysis of wood, is carried out by heating wood at high temperatures without access to air. Pyrolysis produces solid, liquid and gaseous products. Of these, charcoal has the greatest practical importance in the national economy.
Using solvents, various extractive substances are extracted from wood that has been previously crushed into chips. Tanning agents are obtained by extraction with water. The adhesive properties of gum, extracted with water from larch wood, are used in the printing, textile and match industries. When extracting stump resin, crushed into chips, with gasoline, rosin is extracted from wood in the most economical way. This valuable product is widely used to produce high-quality paper, as a fat substitute in soap making, and for the production of varnishes, linoleum, rubber, electrical and other products.
When coniferous wood is treated with weak alkali solutions, without pressure, resinous substances and a small amount of lignin and hemicelluloses are extracted from it. When wood is heated for a long time under pressure with concentrated alkali solutions taken in excess, its complete decomposition occurs. Decomposition products are gases, tar, acetic and formic acids. A significant amount of these acids is formed during the oxidation of wood with atmospheric oxygen in a slightly alkaline environment under pressure [11].
When wood chopped into chips is cooked with a 5-15% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, often with the addition of sodium sulfide, most of the lignin is dissolved and fibrous cellulose is obtained - soda or sulfate. Sulfite cellulose is obtained by treating wood with a solution of acid salts of sulfurous acid. In the presence of free sulfur dioxide, lignin dissolves under pressure and high temperature. As with soda cooking, a fibrous mass is obtained - cellulose. Acids have a destructive hydrolyzing effect on wood, which underlies the hydrolytic process of producing glucose, xylitol, and alcohol. Feed yeast obtained at hydrolysis and cellulose enterprises from carbohydrates contained in hydrolysates and sulfite alkalis is of great importance. Furfural is obtained by hydrolysis of deciduous wood with dilute acid or water under pressure.
The main consumers of wood raw materials supplied by the logging industry are sawmills, pulp and paper, board and plywood enterprises. With the development of the national economy, the structure of wood consumption is constantly changing. Previously, the use of round, unprocessed timber was significant. Then the use of wood in sawmilling became predominant, where the volumes of processed raw materials have now stabilized. Nowadays, the most intensive use of crushed wood raw materials is growing in the form of technological chips, which are widely used in the production of pulp, paper, cardboard, particle boards and fiberboards. Wood consumption for the production of these types of products doubles approximately every 10 years and in the future will reach about half the volume of all harvested raw materials.
Changes in the structure of wood consumption cause corresponding changes in the supply of timber. The production of wood chips, which is rightly called the “building stone” of the future timber industry, is growing rapidly. Chips are the basis for the comprehensive use of wood. It opens up unlimited possibilities for recycling almost any wood raw material, including non-transportable waste and secondary raw materials, such as packaging materials that accumulate in large quantities in cities. The chip production process can be carried out at any stage of wood harvesting and processing, from chopping whole trees in the forest to recycling waste.
The production of wood chips using mobile chippers is developing successfully. At lumberyards, low-quality wood not only from coniferous trees, but also from soft-leaved trees is processed into chips. In sawmilling, milling-canter machines for simultaneous production of timber and chips are widely accepted. Their significance is especially great for small-sized (diameter from 6-8 cm) wood, which previously could not be used as sawn raw material.
Chips open up new opportunities not only in the areas of procurement and processing of wood raw materials, but also in their transport. Wood crushed into chips can be fused in special capsules, thanks to which the entire biomass of wood of any species can be delivered to the consumer from deep forest areas.
It became possible to create industrial forest plantations using a short rotation of fellings. The advantage of plantations is not only the higher productivity of 1 hectare of forest. Placing plantations near processing enterprises will allow them to uninterruptedly supply them with wood raw materials at lower costs for its procurement and transportation.
