How the needles are located on the shoots of pine and spruce. Laboratory works

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Another section of the GDZ answer ru website will be about answers to Biology for the textbook Biology grades 5-6, author Pasechnik. This is a new textbook for the 2019-2021 edition. A subject that is a continuation of “The World Around us,” a primary school subject. And yes, if you remember what The World Around us was about, then in fact the subject was collective; usually such sciences belong to the natural sciences, that is, to what can be gleaned from the world around us without synthesizing or analyzing. It seems to us that such subjects are very interesting precisely because of factual knowledge and direct facts, because this is not derivative material from the information received, as, say, for philosophy and psychology. So, starting to delve into all this, we wanted to say one thing, that we will talk not only about the answers, about the GD, but also about the subject itself, about the features of the textbook, about when to use ready-made homework assignments. Let's start talking about all this in order.

How the needles are located on the shoots of pine and spruce. Laboratory works

Laboratory work “Structure of needles and cones of conifers”
1. Consider the shape of the needles, their location on the stem. Measure the length and pay attention to the color.

Scots pine: the needles are arranged in bunches of 2-5 needles together, the needles are long - 4-5 cm, sharp, light green in color.

Spruce: the needles are arranged singly, the needles are short - up to 2 cm, sharp, color from dark green to bluish-blue.

Larch: short needles (up to 1.5 cm) arranged in bunches, color light green.

Fir: the needles are located singly, but very often, the average length of the needles is 3 cm, the color is dark green.

2. Using the description of the characteristics of coniferous trees presented below, determine which tree the branch you are considering belongs to.

The needles are long (up to 5-7 cm), sharp, convex on one side and rounded on the other, sitting in twos together... Scots pine.

The needles are short, hard, sharp, tetrahedral, sit singly, cover the entire branch... Spruce.

The needles are flat, soft, blunt, have two white stripes on one side... Fir.

The needles are light green, soft, sit in bunches like tassels, fall off in the winter... Larch.

3. Consider the shape, size, and color of the cones. Fill the table.

4. Separate one scale. Familiarize yourself with the location and external structure of the seeds. Why is the studied plant called gymnosperm?

Spruces, firs, pines, larches and other conifers are called gymnosperms because their seeds lie openly on the surface of the cone scales.

Quick comparison table

The main differences between spruce and pine are presented in the table:

Length of pine needles. Description of pine cones

Pine is not only a tree of the same name, but also a genus that includes 100 species. Plants differ from each other not only in growth; the size and shape of the pine cone depend on the type of tree.

The plants are evergreen, most often the crowns are umbrella-shaped or pyramidal. The color of the bark can vary; there are pines with bark ranging from black-brown to almost white. The needles differ from other conifers in their length; their needles are collected in bunches.

Young shoots on plants are of two types:

• shortened;
• elongated.

Their color varies from gray-green to brown.

Many people are interested in what kind of cones a pine tree has. It depends on the type of plant. Scots pine has green or bluish-green needles; it grows 2 needles together. Cones can be located singly or in groups. At first they are erect, but then they move horizontally or become drooping.

Until the seeds ripen, the scales fit tightly. Later, cracks appear between them and seeds spill out.

Banks pine has short yellow-green needles, reaching 2-4 cm in length. There are many cones on the tree, they are small in size, often curved in shape. They hang on the tree for several years, so they do not open for a long time.

Siberian cedar pine is different from cedar; they are different plants. Pine needles are 10-20 cm long, so a pine branch with a cone differs from others in its appearance. Its needles are not only long, but due to the connection in bunches of 5 pieces, they make the tree branch lush. It blooms in May or June, the cones fully ripen in the second year. When autumn comes, they fall off. Each of them contains 30-150 seeds, which are called pine nuts.

Pine loves light, but it is unpretentious to the conditions, so it grows and reproduces at all latitudes. The flowering period occurs in spring, but no flowers are formed. Instead, cones appear, which are divided into female and male. They differ from each other not only in shape, color, but also in purpose.

The European stone pine, also called European cedar, is similar to the Siberian pine, but the tree's crown is wider and it does not grow as tall. The needles are green-blue in color, their length is from 5 to 8 cm. The needles are collected in bunches of 5 pieces.

Cones appear on trees that have been growing for 60-80 years. They are ovoid in shape, reach 6-8 cm in length and 5 cm in width. The young are purple. When they ripen, they change color to brown.

Geldreich pine, which is also called Bosnian pine, has oblong shaped cones. They grow 5-7.5 cm in length. They grow on a small petiole. At first they are black, but as they ripen they begin to lighten. When mature they turn light brown. There are many images that demonstrate this process.

Korean pine has large cones, often growing up to 17 cm in length and up to 8 cm in width. After formation, the ripening process occurs the next year. They fall to the ground in autumn or in the first months of winter. When they hit the ground they do not open, the seeds remain inside. The shape is ovoid, the tips of the seed scales are slightly bent.

Mountain pine sheds its cones in the spring. They grow up to 7 cm in length and 2 cm in width. On branches they are located singly or in groups, no more than 2-3 pieces. Their ripening period occurs in the third year.

Features of cultivation

If a gardener decides to plant conifers in his garden plot, then he should know that caring for a pine tree may differ from caring for a spruce tree. Pine is absolutely unpretentious to the soil, because... it can grow in both swampy areas and rocky mountains. In addition, she is not afraid of drought, rain and severe frosts.

The only condition that must be met when planting a pine tree is the illumination of the area. The tree will not be able to grow in the shade, so it is never planted next to tall structures.

As for spruce, it is also quite unpretentious. Unlike pine, spruce is a shade-loving plant. Water the tree carefully. It does not tolerate excessive soil moisture, just as it does not like to grow in too dry soil.

If several spruce trees are planted next to each other, then over time they will form a spruce forest. On the contrary, they try to plant light-loving pines separately from other specimens so that each tree has its own space.

Location on a spruce needle shoot. Distribution and ecology

The plant is widespread in the northeast, where it forms continuous forests. To the west, coniferous forests have no vegetation; spruce is found there only in the mountains: in the mountains. The northern border of the range in Russia for the most part coincides with the border, and the southern border reaches the zone.

Clear spruce forest

To the east it is gradually replaced by (Picea obovata). In northern Europe, starting from and to the east, hybrid forms of common spruce and Siberian spruce, known under the name (Picea × fennica), are common.

Norway spruce is locally naturalized in, on, and also in.

Forest-forming. In the zone it often forms pure forests - spruce forests. Adjacent to (Pinus sylvestris) and forming. Like other types of spruce, it is tall.

In unfavorable conditions - on the northern and upper borders of the forest - it forms dwarf forms. It grows on soils of different mechanical composition - from sand to heavy loams, but is quite demanding on soil fertility. Prefers moistening with running water, avoids swampy soils with stagnant moisture. Drought-resistant, frost-resistant, but suffers from spring frosts.

The oldest known tree was 468 years old. However, age over 300 years is very rare, and in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests it decreases to 120-150 (180) years. The above year indicators refer to individual trunks, however, spruce tends to produce new shoots-clones from the roots of dead trunks. The age of the oldest known spruce, taking into account clones, reaches 9550 years.

Since “floors” of spruce branches, likewise, are formed once a year, the age of a young spruce is determined quite simply: just count them and add 3-4 years (the time of formation of the first “floor”).

What is better to plant on the site?

Both plants perform excellent decorative functions and can serve as decoration for a site all year round. At the same time, determining which culture is considered more preferable is very problematic. It depends on the purpose of its cultivation and personal wishes.

Regardless of the choice made, it is important to provide the tree with quality care. Moreover, there are some differences in the rules of agricultural technology.

So, pine is very undemanding to the composition of the soil. It can be grown in rocky areas or swampy areas. This plant easily tolerates drought and is resistant to frost. At the same time, pine requires a sufficient amount of sunlight.

Expert opinion

Karnaukh Ekaterina Vladimirovna

Graduated from the National University of Shipbuilding, majoring in Enterprise Economics

Spruce is considered less hardy. At the same time, it easily tolerates frost and does not require much light. The main requirement for growing such a crop is proper watering. It is important to ensure that the soil under the tree is not too wet or too dry. This can lead to pest damage to the plant and deterioration in its growth.

Location on the shoot of pine needles. Application area

The plant is used in several areas:

• medical;
• industrial;
• agricultural

Often all parts of this coniferous tree are recycled. And no waste remains from the cut pine (neither roots, nor stumps, nor even sawdust).

Pine buds are widely used in medicine. Preparations made from them activate the mucous membrane of the human upper respiratory tract, thereby liquefying and removing accumulated mucus from the bronchi and lungs.

The plant contains a lot of resin, or, as it is also called, resin, which repels pests and heals wounds. The pine forest is rich in ozone, so there are practically no microbes there. And for people suffering from respiratory diseases, doctors often prescribe long walks through coniferous forests.

Kidneys are also widely used for medical purposes. They are collected in the spring, before the cones begin to bloom or fall off. During this period, the kidneys contain a large amount of resin, tannins, essential oils, bitter substances and starch. And pine needles contain a high content of carotene and ascorbic acid.

Since ancient times, people have used pine needles in compresses, lotions and poultices, and its resin was the main ingredient in embalming compositions. This coniferous tree was considered medicinal. Traditional healers recommended chewing the resin to strengthen gums and teeth, as well as for fresh breath and disinfection of the oral cavity. The Romans and Greeks used pine infusions for colds.

In the industrial area, pine roots, stumps, nodules and branches are used as raw materials in the production of turpentine, resin and rosin. Just like other coniferous trees, ethyl alcohol and feed yeast are made from pine wood.

Modern chemical and mechanical processes for processing wood waste are used in the production of various building materials: boards (chipboards and fiberboards), fiberboard.

The coal from the plant is of average quality, because... its calorific value is much lower than, for example, that of oak or birch.

Essential oil is made from pine needles and processed into fiber (wool), which is used in yarn. Also, red paint is obtained from young shoots and cones, and green dye is obtained from pine needles.

The bark is used as a roofing material for cold-type buildings and temporary maintenance. The thick bark is used to make fishing floats.

In the agricultural area, pine needles are ground into flour, which is used in the production of nutritious feed for birds and animals.

Scientists have found that the needles are useful for raising broiler chickens, goats, pigs and sheep. Vitamin A, which is contained in pine needles, stimulates growth and saturates with vitamins. This is one of the most inexpensive sources of vitamin A. Therefore, it is recommended to be used by poultry and livestock farmers in the winter instead of expensive and ineffective drugs.

Experiments conducted by scientists showed positive results. Based on this, researchers can recommend the use of pine needles for all types of farm animals, but only in the cold season (winter). Because Pine needles contain many essential oils, glucosides and other substances that in large quantities can make food harmful. During the winter season, the content of these substances is minimal, so it does not cause any harm to animals.

Use of wood

Coniferous wood, unlike other materials, is often used in construction.

Thanks to its straight and even trunk, pine is the most popular species in the manufacture of lumber. The tree has a soft, moderately light, and at the same time durable structure. It is processed and finished perfectly. The resulting material has a high level of resistance to rotting and fungus.

Pine is often used to create timber structures such as wall and roof frames, railings, stairs, and support beams for doors and windows. The boards are impregnated with a special composition, and then they are used to decorate facades and terraces.

Pine material is popular in furniture production. Furniture is made from timber, and finishing elements are made from veneer. Due to its high resin content, it has increased resistance to biological damage. Also, pine needles are an excellent raw material for the production of medicines and dietary supplements.

Unlike pine, spruce wood is more flexible. That is why it is often used to make hunting skis, sleds or bent furniture elements. Spruce is resistant to cracking. In terms of strength and density, it is in no way inferior to pine. It is easy to process and polish. The scope of application of spruce material is the same as that of pine wood.

From spruce wood waste, the chemical industry produces cellulose, cardboard, paper, turpentine, etc. Both spruce and pine trees belong to the Pine family. However, despite this, they are considered representatives of different genera and differ from each other in several ways. Knowing these signs, a person can always understand what kind of plant is in front of him.

How the needles of larch are arranged. Description of culture

The science of biology says that larch belongs to the gymnosperms, class Conifers, higher plants of the Pine family. About 150 million years ago, these unique plants dominated the planet. Today, gymnosperms are represented by coniferous species, which include larch.

What does a larch tree look like?

There are several varieties of larches, but some of them are very similar to each other in appearance and growing conditions. The height of the tree on average reaches 50 m. The trunk is straight, covered with bark in the form of gray or brown scales. Some larches reach more than 1 m in girth. The branches have long annual shoots and short perennial shoots and grow at right angles to the trunk, bending upward.

The length of larch needles is 3-4 cm. The needles are soft, delicate green in color. On long shoots, the needles are arranged in a spiral; the needles grow in bunches of 30-50 pieces, which makes the larch crown openwork.

For your information! Perennial shoots live from 10 to 12 years. Sometimes they continue to grow and form growth branches.

Larch crown shape

The crown shape of larch at a young age has the shape of a cone. Over time, as the tree grows taller and older, it takes on a round, egg-shaped shape.

The larch root system can adapt to different types of soil. The tree adapts to the type of soil due to the plasticity of its roots, forming adventitious shoots. In swamps, sand, on stone heaps or in a dry hollow, larch grows, using the ability of its roots to be located over a wide area near the surface of the earth. Lower branches at the bottom can take root, which further strengthens the roots and helps the tree withstand strong winds.

How it blooms

Once the tree reaches 15 or 20 years of age, it begins to bloom. Larch blooms in April or May. The flowering period lasts 1.5 weeks. Along with the new needles, fruits appear in the form of small cones. Since the tree is monoecious, it has male and female flowers. The female flowers look like small soft cones of green or red-violet color, similar to small roses. The male ones produce round, light green spikelets. Moreover, cones of different sexes grow on the same branch.

Bloom

With the arrival of September, the cones ripen. They have a round, cone-shaped shape about 4 cm in size. The scales become brown in color, they are coarser and woody. The winged seeds scatter after the cones ripen, but in order for new trees to grow from them, zero temperature and high humidity are required. An obstacle on the way from a seed to the appearance of a tree is the great love of birds and mammals of forest inhabitants for seeds. The harvest of new trees varies from 5 to 9 years. The cones can hang on the tree for many years after the seeds have dispersed.

Where does it grow and how much?

Larch is a coniferous and cold-loving tree. In the Northern Hemisphere, where larch grows, more than 70% of forests are larch tracts. It is found in Siberia, the Far East, North America, Western and Northern Europe, the Himalayas and Tibet. How many years a larch lives depends on the place where it grows.

Note! The lifespan of a tree is on average 400-500 years, although there are specimens whose age reaches 900 years or more. For example, in Crimea there are still trees that are the same age as the founding of the city.

Places of growth

The main difference between spruce and pine lies in the places where they grow. Pines prefer to grow in cold and humid climates, so they occupy most of the northern hemisphere. In Russia, pine trees grow mainly in the taiga.

Spruce plantations, in turn, spread throughout Eastern Europe, China and North America. The percentage of spruce forests in Central Asia and Europe is slightly higher than in Russia.

Quests for the curious

1. Establish in what months of the year the ripening and dispersal of pine and spruce seeds occurs in your area.

The ripening of fir and spruce seeds in central Russia usually occurs in October. After sowing the seeds, the fir cones fall off.

In pine trees, the seeds ripen the following year after the formation of cones. This usually happens in late autumn - early winter, that is, in November-December. After this, the seeds remain in cones all winter, and then, in March-April, they are scattered and carried by the wind over large areas.

In larch, the seeds fully ripen and disperse already in late summer.

2. In May-June, observe the development of young shoots of pine or spruce from the buds.

Buds of young pine shoots in May-June

Buds of young shoots were eaten in May-June

Pay attention to the location of the cones on the shoots.

In pines, female cones are located at the ends of young shoots, while male, smaller ones are concentrated in close groups at the base of the shoot.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with Astrantia: Astrantia “Sunningdale Variegated” Sunningdale Variegated

In spruce trees, female cones also form at the ends of shoots, but not new ones, but last year's ones. male cones are located on the branch below the female ones and have a yellowish-brown color.

Collect pine and spruce seeds. Sow them in the school plot. Take care of the seedlings. Use the grown plants for landscaping.

Tasks

Find out what other gymnosperms are used in the treatment of diseases. Prepare a report on the medicinal properties of gymnosperms and discuss it in class.

Message “Medicinal properties of gymnosperms”

Spruces, pines, larches, firs, junipers - we are surrounded by quite a few species of gymnosperms. They perfectly clean the air of harmful impurities and saturate it with oxygen and beneficial phytoncides - volatile aromatic substances that can suppress the development of many harmful bacteria.

In addition, many types of gymnosperms have special beneficial properties. Moreover, a variety of plant parts are used to produce medicinal substances: bark, berries, pine needles, etc. For example, charcoal is made from pine bark. This charcoal is sold in pharmacies under the name “Activated Charcoal” and is an excellent remedy in case of poisoning, since it is able to remove harmful toxic substances from the human body.

Acetic acid and methyl alcohol are also obtained from pine wood. They are used to make a wide variety of medicines and formaldehyde, which is used to disinfect wounds and disinfect medical instruments. And tar is made from the roots and stumps of pine trees, which is an important component of Vishnevsky ointment - the most effective means of treating festering wounds and skin diseases.

Pine buds contain useful tannins, essential oils and a huge amount of ascorbic acid. They are collected in early spring and made into infusions that help against vitamin deficiency and low immunity. Infusions are also made from pine needles because they are rich in minerals and vitamins, especially in winter.

Spruce needles are most often used for medicinal purposes. It is rich in provitamin A, vitamin C and essential oils. Medicinal extracts for mouth rinsing and vitamin concentrates for medicinal baths are made from spruce needles. Spruce baths are especially good for rheumatism, an inflammatory disease of human connective tissue.

One of the leaders in medicinal properties among gymnosperms is juniper. These shrubs are capable of releasing 6 times more phytoncides than other coniferous plants! Juniper fruits contain very useful essential oil. It helps in treating problems of the genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, circulatory system, and also acts as a strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. It is used as ointments, alcohol tinctures, bath concentrates and medicinal tea.

Don’t forget about the healing properties of pine nuts - this is a real multivitamin complex! Thus, 10 grams of pine nuts contain the daily requirement of an adult for vitamins B and D, amino acids and some trace elements: copper, manganese, cobalt and zinc. At the same time, pine nuts are very tasty and nutritious. Both children and adults eat them with pleasure.

Dictionary

Gymnosperms are terrestrial evergreen plants, the seeds of which lie openly on the surface of the scales of the cones.

A seed is a multicellular structure containing an embryo, a store of nutrients and other components. The seed is used to propagate plants.

Higher seed plants are a group of plants that reproduce by seeds. The bodies of higher plants are divided into separate organs and are distinguished by a variety of tissues.

Conifers are a group of gymnosperms whose leaves are modified and are narrow, needle-like needles.

The female cone is the cone that contains the ovules, which then produce eggs and develop coniferous seeds.

A male cone is a cone that produces pollen with male reproductive cells and sperm.

Phytoncides are special volatile substances that can suppress the development of many harmful bacteria.

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

1. What is a spore?
Spores are special cells that plants use to reproduce and spread.

2. What role do spores play in plant life?

For some plant species, spores are the leading method of reproduction and distribution. Spores are able to survive in unfavorable conditions and then germinate when exposed to an optimal environment.

3. Which plants are classified as lower? How do they differ from the higher ones? Which plants produce seeds?

Lower plants include plants that do not have a division of the body into an organ and do not have a developed variety of tissues. An example of lower plants is unicellular and multicellular algae.

Higher plants have a clear division into organs: root, stem, leaves and other organs. In addition, different parts of higher plants are formed by different types of tissues. It may be a base fabric, a mechanical tissue, a conductive tissue, a covering tissue, or an educational tissue.

Seeds are formed only in higher nonspore-bearing plants. These can be gymnosperms or angiosperms.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. Why did gymnosperms get this name?

Gymnosperms got their name because the seeds lie openly on the surface of the scales of the cones.

2. What are the main characteristics of gymnosperms? How does their structure differ from that of ferns?

The main characteristics of gymnosperms: they have a root, stem and leaves, and for reproduction they form seeds lying openly on the surface of the scales of cones.

Difference between gymnosperms and ferns:

• gymnosperms have a root, and ferns, instead of a root, have a rhizome - a modified stem that performs the functions of a root;
• Gymnosperms have full-fledged leaves - needles, and ferns, instead of frond leaves, have leaf-like organs, which are modified shoots;
• Gymnosperms reproduce by seeds, and ferns reproduce by spores.

3. What gymnosperms do you know?

In our country, the most common coniferous gymnosperms are: pine, spruce, fir, larch, juniper, cedar, cypress, thuja and yew.

4. Compare the external structure of pine and spruce. In what conditions do pine and spruce trees grow?

5. Why do the lower branches of a pine tree die off in the forest, while those of a spruce tree are covered with pine needles?

Spruce trees are shade-tolerant plants, that is, they can grow even in poor light conditions, which are usually inherent in the lower levels of dense forests.

Pines, on the contrary, are light-loving plants. In poor lighting conditions, the lower branches either do not develop at all, or develop sluggishly, or die off. In open and well-lit areas, pines have well-developed upper and lower branches.

6. What is the importance of gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms participate in a large cycle of substances. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen into the atmosphere. In addition, they convert inorganic minerals into organic substances necessary for other participants in the cycle of substances.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with Processing wood with fire: pros and cons

Coniferous gymnosperms are capable of releasing special volatile substances - phytoncides. These substances effectively suppress the development of harmful bacteria both in the forest itself and in the surrounding area.

Coniferous wood is a valuable raw material for many industries:

• spruce and pine trees are used as building materials and for making crafts;
• Viscose, an artificial fiber resembling silk, is obtained from pine wood after special chemical treatment;
• Various types of paper and cardboard are made from spruce wood;
• valuable and healthy cedar oil is obtained from cedar seeds; it is used as food;
• cedar seeds are used for food;
• Healing infusions are made from pine needles, which can save you from vitamin deficiency and scurvy.

Construction material

What is better as a building material – larch or pine? Many master builders know that larch is valued more than pine.

Pine is not very suitable for use in rooms with high air temperatures, for example in saunas and baths, due to the oiliness of the plant. In such places, you can get burned if the resin gets on your skin.

Advantages of larch:

• medium wood hardness group (comparable to oak);
• good resistance to chips and impacts (produce high-quality parquet);
• durable and dense (sinks in water), less susceptible to rotting;
• good water resistance (used in exterior decoration of rooms with high humidity).

There are also some disadvantages. Due to the fact that larch wood is very dense, this creates problems during construction. Trees used to be floated down the river to their destination, and larch wood, due to its high density and heaviness, immediately sank to the bottom.

In any case, larch is a unique and expensive material.