Norway maple (sycamore) - useful properties, description

Acer platanoides

,
king maple, Norway maple, Norway maple
or
sycamore maple
is a woody species belonging to the family Sapindaceae.

Description

Sycamore maple
.

It is a deciduous tree that can reach up to 35 m in height, although it usually does not exceed 25 m. It has smooth, light gray bark. The leaves are palmately toothed. The flowers are yellowish-green, collected panicles. Its fruits are samara. [ ] ​[ ] ​[ ] ​[ ]

similar species

In Europe there are two very similar species of maples that are easily confused.
Both species are tall specimens that can reach 30-35 m in height. Sycamore maple
.

Planting Norway maple

It is recommended to plant Norway maple in open ground at the very beginning of spring or autumn. When choosing a place for planting, you should take into account that the distance from the seedling to any other plant should be at least 2.5–3 meters. If maples are used to create a hedge, then a distance of 2 meters should be maintained between them. For planting, choose a well-lit area or one that is in light partial shade. The soil should be well drained. When digging a hole, you should take into account that its depth should be identical to the height of the root ball. In this case, the width of the hole must be made 4 times larger than the root ball. If the groundwater in the area lies too close to the soil surface, then the depth of the hole should be increased, since at its bottom it will be necessary to make a drainage layer, the thickness of which should be at least 15 centimeters. To create this layer, you can use crushed stone, broken brick or screenings.

Under no circumstances should the seedling's root system dry out before planting. Therefore, it is recommended to immerse it in a container of water for several hours.

To fill the planting hole, you should use a nutrient mixture consisting of humus (peat compost), sand and turf soil (3:1:2). First, you need to pour from 120 to 150 grams of Nitroammofoska into the hole, only then the root ball of the seedling is placed in it. When the roots are neatly straightened, the hole needs to be filled with a nutrient mixture. After planting, the root collar of the plant should rise several centimeters above the surface of the site. The planted maple must be watered using 30 liters of water. After the liquid is completely absorbed, the root collar of the seedling should drop to the level of the surface of the area. Do not forget, in the first days after planting, mulch the tree trunk using dry soil or peat; the layer thickness should be within 3–5 centimeters.

Norway maple Crimson King - stratification and planting seeds

Observations

Flowers appear when the buds open.
Samara has flattened seeds. The leaves of some varieties may be purplish-red. Bark of an adult tree. This tree can reach 150-200 years, much younger than other maple species. The genus name was already used by the Romans (“ acer

": tenacious, hard).
According to other authors, its name comes from the Celtic word "ac", thorn or point, because it was used to make spear points. It is susceptible to mycosis, caused by the fungus Rhytisma acerinum
, which causes resinous spots on its leaves.

Norway maple care

Newly planted Norway maple trees need frequent watering. Even after the plant gets stronger and grows, it will need systematic watering, especially in the summer months. In spring and autumn, watering the tree is carried out once every 4 weeks, and in the summer this procedure is carried out once every 7 days. When watering, a young plant should need 40 liters of water, but if the tree is mature, then 20 liters will be enough. But it should be taken into account that if the color of the foliage of the tree has become pale green, this indicates that the soil is very waterlogged. If a plant feels a lack of water, its leaf blades droop. After watering, it is necessary to systematically loosen the surface of the tree trunk circle, while simultaneously pulling out weeds.

If all the necessary fertilizers have been added to the planting hole, then there is no need to feed the plants until the end of the current season. After spring comes, the maple will need to be fed; to do this, the surface of the tree trunk needs to be covered with a three-centimeter layer of rotted manure. You can also use special tablets with slow release of nutrients for feeding. They should be spread out in the root zone. From the beginning of the growing season until the end of spring, such feeding should be done once every 2 weeks, in the summer it is carried out once every 4 weeks, in the fall there is no need to feed the maple.

The tree's dormant period begins with the first frost and continues until March. If the maple is still young, then it will need good shelter for the winter. Its standard must be wrapped in burlap, which is secured with a rope. This will protect the plant from severe frosts and from rodents. The root collar of the plant must be covered with spruce branches. As the plant matures, its resistance to frost increases, and soon it will not be necessary to cover it for the winter.

Trimming

Maple only needs sanitary pruning, during which all branches and stems that are frozen, injured, dried out, or damaged by diseases and pests should be cut off. You also need to cut out all the root growth. If desired, you can shorten those stems that stick out in different directions, and also remove shoots growing inside the crown. There is no need to perform formative pruning, since the natural spherical shape of the maple is very attractive without it.

Diseases and pests

If the tree's branches begin to die, and small burgundy spots appear on the surface of the bark, this indicates that it is infected with coral spot. Those branches that are affected must be trimmed and destroyed, and the cut areas should be coated with garden varnish. Garden tools should be disinfected both before and after pruning.

Pests that can inhabit maple trees include whiteflies, mealybugs and leaf weevils. Branches affected by whitefly larvae must be pruned and destroyed, and then the plant is treated with Ammophos. For preventive purposes against mealybugs, maple leaves are treated with Nitrafen until the buds swell. To get rid of weevils, you need to treat the tree leaf by leaf with Chlorophos solution, which is prepared strictly according to the instructions.

taxonomy

Acer platanoides

was described by Carlos Linnaeus and published in
Species Plantarum
2: 1055. 1753. [7]
Etymology of
Acer

: generic name derived from Latin
ǎcěr, -ĕris
= (sharp), referring to the characteristic tips of the leaves or the hardness of the wood from which spears were supposed to be made.
Already quoted, in particular, by Pliny the Elder, 16, XXVI/XXVII
, where several types of maple are mentioned. [ 8 ]

platanoides

: Latin epithet meaning "similar to the genus
Platanus
".
[ 9 ] Synonyms Acer platanoides
cultivar.
Schwedleri
.

• Acer cappadocicum subsp.
  turkestanicum (Pax) AEMurray
• Acer dieckii
  (Pax) Pax
• Maple fallax
  Pax
• Acer laciniatum
  Borkh. from Trat.
• Acer cinnamonensis
  Pers.
• Acer laetum var.
  cordifolium R.Uechtr. And let them be.
• Acer lobelii var.
  Dick Pax
• Acer lobergii
  Dippel
• Exchange Acer palmatifidum
  ex Steud.
• Maple platanifolium
  Stokes
• Acer reitbachii
  dippel
• Round maple
  Dulac
• Acer schwedleri
  K. Koch
• Exchange Acer vitifolium
  Opiz.
• Euacer aculifolia
  Opiz
• Euacer platanoides
  (L.) Opiz

auxiliary turkestanicum

(Pax) PCde Jong
Acer laetum var.
world _
Acer Lipskyi
Rehder ex Lipsky
Acer pseudolaetum
Radde-Fom.
Acer turkestanicum
Pax [10]

Varieties with photos, names

There are a huge number of varieties and decorative forms. As a rule, gardeners are engaged in growing spherical shapes. It does not grow so rapidly, but it can decorate any garden plot. There is also a palmate form with dark green leaf blades divided to the base. The highlight of the Drummond maple is that the leaf blades turn pink when they bloom. They are then covered with an elegant white border. Another form of Golden Globe is distinguished by a spherical crown and magnificent golden leaves.

Popular varieties include:

• The globosum is spherical in shape and up to 7 meters high.

  
  Globosum

• Crimson King is up to 20 meters high with leaves of an unusual purple color.
• Crimson Sentry is an unusually slender tree with a crown diameter of up to eight meters and branches directed upward.

  
  Crimson Sentry

• Deborah with fairly wide leaves - up to 20 cm.
• Emerald Queen - grows very quickly, has palmate-lobed leaves.

  
  Emerald Queen

• Royal Red, the leaves of which are colored red-bloody.

References

1. Flora Europaea: Distribution of Acer platanoides
2. Virtual flora: distribution of Acer platanoides
3. Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe
   . Collins 0-00-220013-9 .
4. Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
   . Collins 0-00-212035-6
5. Mitchell, A. F. (1982). Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
   . Collins 0-00-219037-0
6. Norwegian Botanical Association: photographs of Acer platanoides.
7. Acer platanoids in the tropics
8. Latin Text of Pliny the Elder, Book 16 - In Pliny the Elder: Natural History, University of Chicago, 2006.
9. In botanical epithets
10. Acer platanoids in PlantList
11. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acer platanoides. Royal Botanic Gardens: Anthos Project
    . Retrieved November 24, 2009

Norway maple in landscape design

Large trees with foliage with variegated or rich colors are quite popular among gardeners in countries such as Germany, England and Holland. And since Norway maple has a large number of varieties, gardeners have plenty to choose from. For example, if the slope of a mountain or ravine is decorated with such trees with yellow, purple or variegated foliage, then it will look like a decoration for a fairy tale.

If you want to decorate your garden or cottage, then it is better to choose the Crimson King variety. Even one such tree will make your site unusually colorful, and if you create a composition with it with other shrubs and trees, you can make your garden or dacha uniquely beautiful. Of course, to draw up a successful composition, certain knowledge will be required, since it will be necessary to take into account the color compatibility of plants and their future size. However, the end result is definitely worth your effort.

Two varieties under one crown. Norway maple.

Bibliography

• Gregor Aas, Andreas Riedmiller. Deciduous trees
  . ISBN 84-226-5798-8.
• What kind of tree is this?
  . Susaeta Editions SA ISBN 84-305-9510-4.
• Bailey, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
• Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Company, New York.
• Gleason, H. A. 1968. Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. about. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. NUS (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
• Gleason, H.A. and A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vask. pl. NEUS (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
• Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledons (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3:547–1115. In fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
• Voss, E.G. 1985. Flora of Michigan. Part II Dicotyledons (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. scientific 59. xix + 724.

Types of sheet

Simple sheet

Linden, aspen, lilac, and wheat leaves have only one leaf blade. Such leaves are called simple.

The shape of the leaf blades is varied: in aspen it is round, in lilac and linden it is heart-shaped, in wheat and barley it is linear, etc. (Fig. 126).

The leaf blades of oak and maple are divided into lobes by cutouts and are called lobed (Fig. 127). Dandelion leaves are separate, their cuts are deeper. The cutouts of the dissected leaves of yarrow and wormwood reach almost to the middle of the leaf.

Complex sheet

Rowan, chestnut, acacia, strawberry, clover, and lupine have compound leaves (Fig. 128). They have several leaf blades that are attached to one main petiole by small petioles. During leaf fall, complex leaves do not fall off entirely: first the leaves fall off, then the petioles.

external reference

• Acer platanoides on Iberian trees
• "File in infohardine". Retrieved April 25, 2010.

• Data: Q26745
• Multimedia: Acer platanoides
• Especies: Acer platanoides

Leaf venation

The veins are clearly visible on the underside of the leaf blades. These are conductive bundles of leaves (Fig. 129). They consist of conductive and mechanical fabrics. The arrangement of vascular bundles in the leaves is called venation (Fig. 130).

Parallel venation

In iris, corn, and wheat, the veins are parallel to one another. This is parallel, or linear, venation.

Arc venation

Kupena, lily of the valley, and plantain have arcuate venation—the veins run in arcs along the leaf.

Reticulate venation

In birch, oak, and fields, the veins on the leaves form a network. At the same time, lateral veins extend from the large central vein, which also branch. This venation is called reticulate. Reticulate venation can be palmate or pinnate.

Palmate venation

With finger venation, several large veins extend radially from the base of the plate, like splayed fingers (maple, etc.). Material from the site https://wiki-med.com

Pinnate venation

With pinnate venation, one main vein is distinguished, from which branching lateral veins extend (birch, bird cherry, oak, poplar, etc.).

Leaf venation

With parallel venation, the veins in the leaf blade are parallel to each other and look like straight lines.

With arc venation, the arrangement of the veins is similar to parallel, but the further away from the central axis of the leaf blade, the more the vein is shaped like an arc rather than a straight line.

Parallel and arc venation is characteristic of many monocots. Thus, many cereals (wheat, rye) and onions have parallel veins, and lily of the valley has an arc vein.

With reticulate venation, the veins in the leaf form a branching network. Such venation is characteristic of many dicotyledonous plants.

There are other types of leaf venation.

Distinctive features of the tree

Not only maple leaves are interesting and unusual (we will give a description in one of the following sections of the article), but also some of its features. They will be discussed later.

For example, it is very important that the tree can survive almost any frost. They won't harm him. And in the spring it will be one of the first to wake up, delighting city residents with delicate greenery.

The maple is also not afraid of the lack of water. In the heat, many trees dry out and lose their foliage, and during a long drought they can completely die. But this does not threaten the maple; it will calmly survive the difficult period, later releasing an even greater number of new shoots.

We have already mentioned that the tree grows very quickly. In one year it can increase by one meter, and all shoots will be covered with dense foliage.

A description of maple would be incomplete without mentioning one more of its features. People around the world love sweet maple sap. In the spring it is easy to obtain by making a small cut on the trunk. Various sweets are often made from the juice. For example, residents of most American states cannot imagine dessert without maple syrup. It is produced by different companies and is very popular.

This is interesting

How plants adapt to climate and other living conditions using leaves

Each plant is forced to acclimatize to weather conditions and also protect itself from external influences. All parts of the plant: roots, shoots, flowers and, of course, leaves, have adapted to various climatic phenomena: high or low temperature, drought or excessive humidity, lack or excess of sunlight. In addition, plants are threatened by people and animals, so many of them, in the process of evolution, have learned to repel attacks.

Let's consider how, with the help of its green cover, a plant resists an unfavorable environment.

Dry or humid climate:

• The small size of the leaves and, accordingly, the small area of ​​the leaf plate prevents excessive evaporation of water;
• The leaves are usually thick and juicy - thus they accumulate the necessary moisture;
• The leaf blades of many plants are covered with hairs, which also prevents evaporation;
• A smooth waxy coating on the surface serves the same purpose.
• Large leaves are a sign of plants in a tropical climate; due to the large size of the plate, the evaporation process occurs much more intensely.

Crassula, Saintpaulia, Philodendron
Windy areas:

• The dissected, jagged shape of the edge allows air flows to pass freely, thanks to which gusts of wind do not injure the sheet.

Silver birch "Dalecarlian", monstera, palmate maple
Places with excess or insufficient sunlight:

• If there is not enough sunlight, many plants can unfold their leaves so that as much sunlight as possible hits their surface;
• Leaf mosaic is a phenomenon in which smaller leaves are located between larger ones. In this case, each leaf catches the sun's rays and participates in the process of photosynthesis;
• Some plants that do not need a lot of sun filter light through special translucent windows located on the leaves.

Dandelion, ivy, fenestraria
Aquatic plants - these representatives of the flora stand apart, because in order to survive they had to adapt not even to the climate, but to a completely different element - water:

• The leaves of hydatophytes (plants completely submerged in water) are highly dissected. Thus, by increasing the surface area, the plant receives the necessary amount of oxygen;
• Leaves floating on the surface of a reservoir do not have stomata on the back side of the leaf blade;
• The large surface area of ​​floating leaves prevents them from sinking by distributing the load.
• Special microscopic projections and a waxy layer prevent water from penetrating into the leaf, preventing the plant from becoming infected with microorganisms and protozoan algae. Water is not absorbed into the surface, but flows down the sheet in drops, at the same time cleaning it from dust and dirt. This phenomenon is called the “lotus effect.”

Hornwort, Victoria amazonica, lotus
Protection from animals and people. Some plants, in the course of evolution, have learned to defend themselves from attacks:

• The leaves produce strong-smelling pheromones and oils that repel animals;
• The leaf blade can be covered with soft hairs or even hard spines that sting the aggressor.

Geranium, nettle, woolly chickweed

Unusual leaves

Nature has endowed certain types of plants with such an extravagant appearance that sometimes determining where the leaves are in front of us seems to be a difficult task.

Cactiformes settled in areas with arid climates, where the loss of every drop of water is tantamount to death. Evolutionary selection did its job - specimens with a minimum area of ​​evaporation survived. Wide leaves are an unaffordable luxury for such living conditions. The entire external decoration of cacti, inhabitants of waterless wastelands, consists of compact protective leaves-spines.

Forest cacti went even further - their spines became thin, almost invisible hairs, and their spherical trunk turned into a chain of flat segments.

Opuntia, Trichocerius, Schlumbergera

Other plants in arid regions, in order not to evaporate precious moisture, decided to abandon their leaves altogether. Or rather, they still have leaves, but only in the form of small, undeveloped scales. At the same time, shoots called cladodes or phyllocadia acquired the leaf shape and function of photosynthesis. Phyllocadia have adapted to their new role so much that they practically do not differ in appearance from an ordinary leaf, but in fact they are not such.

There is also the opposite option - what seems to be shoots are actually leaves. One example is the tendrils of creeping plants. In this case, the tendrils are the upper parts of the leaves, which have adapted to cling to support.

Ruscus, asparagus, pickled peas

Some of the most unusual leaves belong to tropical exotics. The hot, humid climate, the abundance of insects and animals forced plants to adapt to difficult living conditions and even become predators. Using sticky secretions or special bubbles on the leaves, predatory plants catch unwary insects and then suck the life juices out of them.

Another adaptation of tropical plants is a bag formed by fused planes of a leaf plate. This trap collects rainwater, the supply of which is, of necessity, used during periods of drought.

Sundew, pemphigus, Raffles dischidia

Leaves of different colors

What color are the leaves? At first glance, the answer to this question is very simple - green in summer, yellow and red in autumn. In fact, they can come in a variety of colors not only in autumn, but also at other times of the year. You can find green, yellow, red, silvery burgundy and even purple shades of color in the natural decoration of completely healthy plants. In addition to unusual pigmentation, the leaves of some, especially southern, plants have beautiful patterns and ornaments.

The author of all this splendor is not only nature, but also man: during the selection process, many decorative varieties were bred, flaunting multi-colored or patterned leaves.

Zebrina, fittonia, caladium

Edible leaves

Leaves are not only pleasing to the eye and necessary for the life of the planet, some of the leaves are also edible and, moreover, form a significant part of the human diet. In cooking, they are used as a vegetable component: spinach, chard, Chinese cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and as salad ingredients: arugula, sorrel, lettuce, and, of course, as seasonings: dill, parsley, basil, mint and so on.

Chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil

Sources used:

• https://bymosque.ru/tradeskancija-prostoj-ili-slozhnyj-list/
• https://fb.ru/article/359496/opisanie-listev-klena-po-bioloii
• https://kvetok.ru/rastenie/oby-knovenny-j-klen-ostrolistny-j-acer-platanoides
• https://biology.su/botany/leaf-external-structure
• https://7dach.ru/lenamedvednikova/takie-raznye-kleny-93875.html
• https://wikibotanika.ru/polezno-znat/listya-rasteniy.html
• https://vserastenija.ru/list-klena/