Production technology and further use of lumber, types of raw materials, classification

Those who want to open a profitable business that does not require large investments should consider the possibility of producing lumber. Such materials are environmentally friendly and functional. Despite the fact that the use of wood in construction and decoration is not a cheap pleasure, the companies involved in their production do not lack clients. Therefore, with the right approach, competition will not become an obstacle to successful business.

Types of raw materials used in the production process

For high-quality production, only pre-prepared material is used as a primary raw material, that is, wood materials cleared of knots and bark. If we consider the types of lumber, we can say that coniferous species are used for supporting structures. Hardwood for interior finishing work, both in industrial and domestic premises.

If we consider the cost, then the cheapest option would be poplar, as well as birch. Pine or larch will not be much more expensive.

Birch is rightfully considered the lightest in weight; it also has a very beautiful appearance and an affordable price, due to which it has gained high popularity among buyers. As for larch, it has good resistance to moisture and is thereby protected from the occurrence of fungus and mold.

Material - birch

Of course, there is also beech and oak; their use is mainly coordinated on floor coverings and solid furniture. Pine is used quite rarely due to the content of a large amount of resins, which ignite quite quickly, but at the same time during the processing process, pine simply has no equal.

Sawmill complex

Monthly production capacity for roundwood processing is 2500 cubic meters. m .

Raw materials for sawmill production

The raw material for sawmill production is stem wood - round assortments that have different purposes and are obtained by transversely dividing tree logs (the trunk of a fallen tree, separated from the roots and tops and cleared of branches).

Processed species composition: oak, ash, maple, birch, linden, aspen, spruce, pine. In the total mass of forest allocated for felling, stem wood accounts for 70-82% for coniferous species, and 70-90% for deciduous species.

Depending on further use, round assortments are divided into:

• round logs for use in round form (construction logs, etc.);
• saw logs intended for the production of lumber by sawing (boards, beams, bars, profile products for various purposes, etc.);
• ridges for the production of special lumber, peeled or planed veneer, sleepers;
• balances intended for processing into box containers, crushing into chips, etc.

In our production, the main assortments of coniferous species are saw logs and pulpwood, and from deciduous species - logs, pulpwood and special assortments.

The table shows the geometric characteristics of round assortments.

The raw material for the production of sawmill products is saw logs. They are cut from the most valuable part of the tree trunk. Most softwood saw logs are 5.5 - 6.5 m long, while hardwood logs are 4-4.5 m long.

Sawn products

The products of sawmill production are called sawn products (lumber). We use living and healthy forest to produce lumber products. Sawn products are divided according to wood species, size, purpose of the material and its degree of readiness for further use, production method, etc.

Lumber products are divided into two groups based on wood species: coniferous and deciduous. We produce about 80% of our lumber products from coniferous trees such as pine, spruce and larch, the rest from deciduous trees - birch, linden and oak.

According to the degree of readiness for further use, three types of sawn products are distinguished:

• sawn materials (lumber);
• sawn blanks;
• sawn parts.

Lumber

Round logs can be divided by sawing into the following lumber:

• Gorbyl;
• Timber (sawn, planed, profiled): timber – lumber up to 10 cm thick;
• timber - lumber more than 10 cm thick.

The quality of lumber is determined by a combined indicator - grade. Five grades are established for coniferous boards and bars, and 4 grades for beams; for deciduous lumber - 3 grades.

We produce lumber with different moisture contents:

• chamber drying – up to 12%;
• natural humidity – 20-22%.

To reduce roughness and to give a shaped profile, lumber is milled, planed, sanded, etc.

For individual orders, we offer a wider range of lumber.

To significantly increase the service life of lumber, we treat lumber in the factory with various paints and varnishes and impregnate it with antiseptics.

Sawn blanks

Sawn blanks are made from lumber. Blank - sawn products with dimensions and quality corresponding to the products being manufactured, and allowances for machining and drying. One of our main goals is to maximize the use of the entire mass of wood. We produce blanks from coniferous and hardwood of the following types:

• parquet blank: board, frieze;
• blank for lining;
• rough furniture blank;
• construction workpiece;
• blanks for containers and pallets (from low grades of wood).

The blank for the lining consists of edged boards made of linden, aspen, alder, larch and spruce. The workpiece can be of natural moisture, transport or dry. The boards are cut from the bottom of the trunk because there are fewer knots there. The blank for the lining must be smooth and intact, without traces of rot, mechanical damage and various stains.

Rough furniture blanks are wood in the form of bars made to individual sizes. Rough furniture blanks serve as the basis for the production of various pieces of furniture, furniture panels, and moldings. This blank can also be used for finishing work and for creating interior structures.

Blank for containers and pallets - edged boards and timber of standard sizes, intended for the manufacture of wooden containers (pallets, boxes) from wood of any species (pine, spruce, aspen and birch). The effective length of raw materials is considered to be blanks from 0.1 to 6.5 meters with a gradation of 10 cm. The diameter of the blanks must exceed 10 cm.

Sawed parts

Sawn parts are products whose size and quality are suitable for the manufacture of products and structures without any processing.
Sawn parts are made from blanks or lumber. We produce sleepers - timber used as support for railway rails. For Russia, the standard for laying sleepers is: 1840, 2000, 1600 or 1440 sleepers/km. The standard length of wooden sleepers is 2750 mm with wood moisture content not exceeding 22%. We produce sleepers mainly from pine and impregnate them with antiseptics to prevent rotting.

Main technological areas

Our production is equipped with reliable and high-tech equipment with a high level of automation and mechanization of the technological process. Main technological areas:

• area for receiving raw materials and sorting;
• debarking;
• sawmills;
• premises for storing lumber prepared for kiln drying;
• warehouse terminal.

Reception of raw materials and sorting

Upon acceptance of raw materials, 100% control is carried out in accordance with the accepted system of standards.
The accuracy of sorting round logs allows you to increase the useful yield of lumber and reject logs that are not suitable for further processing. Our production is equipped with a log sorting line. To select the optimal log cutting scheme, we use computer scanning systems, which allows us to achieve high cutting accuracy. Moreover, error-free cutting of logs reduces forest loss by 5 to 7%. A complete scanning of the log surface is carried out automatically using a 3D scanner (diameter, length, run-off, curvature. Rejection for a number of defects that the automatic system does not detect is carried out by the operator.

debarking

We carry out debarking, as a rule, before entering the sorting line to extend the life of the sawing tool and increase the accuracy of measurements. Wood debarking is carried out on debarking machines. Debarking is also necessary to preserve the quality of timber and before impregnating it with antiseptics.

Sawmills

The following technological operations are performed in sawmills:

• sawing (longitudinal division of logs);
• trimming unedged boards (removing the ash parts to give a rectangular section);
• trimming (shaping the length of lumber);
• preparation of tools.

The degree of rational and comprehensive use of sawn raw materials and, accordingly, ensuring the best indicators for the quantitative, qualitative and specification yield of sawn products, largely depends on the optimal cutting. We pay great attention to compiling supplies and balances of wood when cutting raw materials for lumber products. The equipment of our production allows us to achieve a volumetric yield of lumber of about 60%.

Wood sawing is carried out in the following areas:

• section of vertical frame sawmills;
• section of horizontal band sawmills;
• section of a vertical band sawmill;
• area for longitudinal sawing and trimming of lumber.

Sawmill equipment: vertical band sawmill Primultini 1300 (1 pc.), frame sawmills P63 (2 pcs.), timber line (1 pc.), horizontal band sawmills (4 pcs.), multi-saws A Costa, Raimann (4 pcs.) , optimization line Omga T520 (1 pc.), cross-cutting machines type Omga T620 (7 pcs.)

The main machine for producing high-quality lumber in large volumes is the Primultini sawmill. The sawmill is designed for longitudinal sawing of round timber into carriages, beams and boards of a given thickness with mechanized feeding at high speed, as well as for individual cutting of logs.

To increase the quantitative and qualitative output of lumber products, we perform sawing of logs with beams (at the output we have clean-edged lumber with high sawing accuracy).

Multi-saw machines with a variable supply of saw blades allow us to easily adjust the processing of saw logs for individual cutting.

Thanks to the use of modern equipment, our lumber has a smooth, even surface. Due to the ideal geometry, the lumber fits tightly to each other and does not create areas of wood rotting.

Tool preparation area equipment: sharpening machine for wide band saws, sharpening machine for frame saws, rolling machine for wide band saws, adjusting machines for narrow band saws, sharpening machines for narrow band saws, equipment for preparing chainsaw chains.

Recycling

Inevitably, when producing lumber, waste is generated (raw materials that do not end up in the main product). The amount of wood waste depends on the methods of cutting logs, the purpose of finished lumber, adherence to technology, and other factors.

Approximate percentage distribution of waste:

• in sawing shops, 6–10% goes to slabs, 10–15% to slats, 2–4% to the ends of boards, 10–12% to sawdust, 2–3% of the volume of sawn materials goes to scrap cutting;
• in cutting shops, when cutting boards into blanks, 7–10% of sawdust and 25% of scraps are obtained from the volume of sawn timber;
• in planing shops, 12–20% of chips are produced from the volume of incoming lumber.

With the integrated use of wood, additional products are produced from its waste.

We use large lump waste (slabs, slats, etc.) for the production of pallets (euro, brick), others are processed into process chips. Our production is equipped with the appropriate areas:

• pallet assemblies;
• crushing waste into chips.

We produce wooden pallets (coniferous and hardwood) of 4 grades in compliance with all the requirements for Euro pallets. Overall size: 1200mm x 800mm x 145mm. Pallets of the 1st and 2nd grade can withstand loads of up to 2500 kg, respectively, 3rd and 4th grades up to 1500 and 1000 kg.

The standard dimensions of the produced technological chips are 15 – 60 mm.

We use sawdust, shavings and bark as fuel.

Types of lumber

The final characteristics of the finished material will directly depend on the type of wood used, processing equipment and the production technology itself. Many factors also influence the texture the board will have.

Differences in degree of processing

• Not edged type (there are no knots, but there are areas that have not been fully processed);
• Edged type (the profile will have a rectangular shape due to cutting off the problematic side parts);
• Planed type (there is not even the slightest roughness on any of the existing edges).

Not edging type

Sawmill equipment

To open your own “sawmill” you need to consider the following factors:

1. Sawmill productivity;
2. Profitability of production;
3. Raw material base;
4. Cost of production and final processed products;
5. Yield coefficient of useful product;
6. Workshop area;
7. Operating temperature of the machine;
8. Cost and frequency of saw blade replacement;
9. The complexity of servicing machines and saws;
10. The cost of spare parts and their suitability for repair, and so on.

Main classification

Attention! The main aspects that can affect the classification of a material are, of course, shape, dimensional parameters and mechanical characteristics.

Currently, classification occurs according to grade 6, let’s consider the first 3.

• Beam. This material is a kind of log, which is hewn from all sides and is used in the process of building houses, and its use can be traced to large window elements or stairs;
• Bar. This type is a smaller copy of the previous version, it can be unprocessed, planed or adjusted to certain dimensional parameters. Its area of ​​application is the manufacture of furniture, the production of lathing, frames, and gazebos;

Bruschi

• A board made of logs or timber. Maybe also not edged or edged type. In addition, classification can be carried out according to dimensional parameters.

Sales of finished products

Even at the stage of planning activities, it is important to develop a program for introducing products to the market. The main consumers of lumber are large construction companies, but private developers should not be discounted. In order to attract large customers, you need to develop packages of commercial proposals and, if possible, hand them over to potential partners in person (do not send them by mail, since most such proposals are regarded as spam). It is recommended to take part in various regional exhibitions of construction and finishing materials.

You can interest private clients by creating your own resource on the Internet and actively promoting products through banner and contextual advertising.

Positive and negative qualities

The trend of boards or other materials used in the construction process has not decreased for many years. This type of material was used for the construction of houses, churches, baths or other types of outbuildings. That is, the production and use of various lumber began a very long time ago, since man was surrounded by numerous products made from precisely such materials. And at the present time, the trend has not decreased, and more and more attention is being paid to the manufacture of products from such materials, due to which they are constantly being improved.

Positive traits

• High load-bearing capacity despite the fact that the weight is low;
• Even taking into account its high strength, the material is simple and easy to process;
• Simplicity and ease of installation work;
• Due to its natural origin, such wood is used for interior cladding in buildings, since the material is environmentally friendly and safe for human health;

Interior decoration

• There is no need to carry out lengthy, expensive additional work during the processing process;
• Beautiful appearance;
• A good smell, which creates a favorable indoor climate;
• Variety of shapes and sizes;
• Affordable price.

Negative qualities

• Rapid ignition upon contact with open flame;
• Destruction of the surface under the influence of fungus and mold;
• With prolonged contact with water or exposure to high humidity, an irreversible process of decay begins.

Important! In order to help lumber and make it more wear-resistant, additional treatment should be carried out with protective agents that can overcome existing shortcomings.

Storage

In order for lumber to remain of high quality and maintain a presentable appearance, it must be stored in a dry, ventilated room or under a canopy. This is necessary to protect against moisture. If stored in an open warehouse, bags and block bags must be protected with waterproof paper. It is unacceptable to stack lumber on top of each other. They must be separated by special gaskets. We recommend looking at existing wood processing plants and conducting competitive intelligence.

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27.12.2019

Types of material

Initially, it should be noted that the determination of grade will depend on an assessment of the worst side of the edge and section.

Lumber that belongs to the highest quality category should not have any signs of rot, mold or fungus on its surface. In addition, there should be almost no knots or deep cracks. This material is used in automobile and ship buildings.

If we consider materials of the first grade, then the peculiarity is that such lumber should not have large dry knots, large cracks, overgrown bark, young layers of wood, traces of mold or mechanical damage.

Options, the technology of which involves the production of second-grade material, are used in the production of furniture. As for external features, there must be no large cracks, visible decay, traces of parasites or noticeable mechanical damage.

Classification by variety

There is, of course, the last grade, which may have visible defects and during construction work can be used exclusively for household and utility rooms.

Production types of wood

Nowadays, there are main methods for the production of processed wood material: milling and planing. During the construction process, the necessary elements are combined into one whole, after which a reliable building will be created. Such buildings do not require additional strong foundations or additional finishing work.

• Glued laminated timber. It is made from whole boards or individual pieces. The material itself will consist of lamellas firmly attached to each other. As for additional indicators, this option has high strength and resistance to external influences;
• Plywood. This type consists of glued layers of wood. Due to high strength and excellent flexibility, the final material is highly popular in the production of furniture, interior and exterior decoration;
• Fiberboard. It is obtained in the process of pressing under the influence of high temperatures and the addition of a special additional agent. The outer sides of the sheet may be smooth or one of them will be embossed;
• Chipboard. The composition includes exclusively small particles with the addition of resins. Waste wood material is used in the production process. No synthetic adhesives are used during the production process. This option is used preferably in the furniture or construction industry;
• Lining. Lumber of this type is used for a variety of finishing works. Even taking into account that the material will have a small thickness, it is very durable and resistant to all kinds of deformations, the possible formation of cracks or cracks. In addition to all this, the material has an attractive appearance. Also significantly affecting the high popularity is the simplicity of the installation process and low cost.

Lining

That is, lumber is a unique product obtained from wood material, and nowadays builders simply cannot imagine the work process without such products.

You can see how lumber is produced in our educational video:

Financial side of the issue - business plan

The amount of start-up capital should be calculated at the business planning stage. Expense items depend on many nuances.

First of all, the size of the investment will depend on the production capacity, the number of personnel, the type of wood processed, the price of equipment and much more.

An approximate calculation of initial financial investments will look like this:

• registration of an enterprise or individual entrepreneur – 20 thousand rubles or more;
• rental of premises – more than 100 thousand rubles;
• purchase of equipment - about 1 million rubles;
• salary of working personnel - over 600 thousand rubles;
• purchase of raw materials from suppliers - 500 thousand rubles or more.

Also, monthly expenses in the amount of 800 thousand rubles should be added to the expense items.

The payback period for a timber processing enterprise can take quite a long time, since the first years of its operation will have to be spent building relationships with consumers of finished products and suppliers of raw materials.

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But, with the right tactics and successful development, you can make a solid profit. If, with constant development, the quality of the product produced is at a high level, then there will be a real opportunity to squeeze out a number of competitors and take its place in this market.

According to statistics, 95% of open sawmills under competent management fully recoup their costs in just 8-10 months. It all depends on a carefully thought out and developed business plan.

Enterprise profitability

In the forested region of Russia, 1 cubic meter of forest costs an average of 1,500 rubles. Finished products of the same volume will cost 5-8 thousand rubles.

You will have to spend about 3.5 thousand rubles to process a cubic meter of material. Net income will be a little more than a thousand rubles.

If the production volume is 700 cubic meters, then the enterprise’s monthly income will be more than 700 thousand rubles. The annual income of a sawmill is easy to calculate.

Owning your own lumber production business is a responsible and very labor-intensive business. You will need to use all your knowledge, make the largest investments possible for high-quality and expensive equipment, attract reliable and experienced employees, and make every effort to develop and modernize the enterprise.

Only hard work, competent organization and dedication to your work will help you achieve good profits in the shortest possible time.

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