Volumetric weight of stumps in t m3. Carrying out calculations of waste from cutting down trees and shrubs

3 .. Measurement and accounting of felled trees

Each tree can be divided into three parts: trunk, branches and roots. The ratio of these parts to each other in terms of mass varies depending on the breed, age and growing conditions.

Rice. 6. Shape of trees (I) and cross-section of the trunk (II): 1 - tree grown in a dense forest; 2 - in a forest of medium density; 3 - in a sparse forest; AB - largest diameter; CD - smallest

But, as a rule, the stem part makes up the main wood mass, which increases with age. Numerous observations have shown that in mature, closed stands the mass of stem wood is 60-85%, branches 5-25 and roots 5-30% of the total mass of the tree.

Table 1

The density of the tree stand has a very large influence on this ratio. The trunks in dense stands are taller and the shape in the first half of the tree is close to a cylinder, in rare ones they are stunted and have a more conical shape, and the crowns are usually large and spreading (Fig. 6). For example, in oak trees grown in the wild in the form of lighthouses, the mass of branches at the age of 50-60 years reaches 50% or more. The trunk of coniferous trees has the best development: spruce, fir, larch and pine.

Taxation characteristics of a tree trunk.

At the bottom the trunk resembles a cylinder, at the top it resembles a cone. To determine the volume of a cylinder and cone, you need to know their height and base area, which can be calculated from its diameter. To determine the volume of a trunk, you need to know its shape, height (length) and thickness (diameter). These elements are the main taxation characteristics of the trunk, and all the others are derived from them. In cross-section, a tree never gives a circle, but only approaches it, but for practical purposes, without any special errors, it is accepted as a circle. It must be remembered that the diameter of the tree must always be measured very carefully, taking it as the average of two mutually perpendicular diameters or from the largest and smallest (see Fig. 6). When determining the height of a felled trunk, it is practically not the length of its axis that is measured, but the curve forming the trunk, since the resulting error is extremely negligible.

Determination of trunk volume.

A felled tree, cleared of twigs and branches, forms a whip or trunk. The volume of a trunk is always less than the volume of a cylinder and greater than the volume of a cone of the same height and base area. By gradually reducing the diameter of the cylinder, you can find one at which its volume is equal to the volume of a tree trunk of the same height. Numerous studies have established that this diameter is approximately the diameter of the middle of the trunk. Therefore, to determine the volume of the trunk, you need to measure its length with a tape measure or other measuring instrument and the diameter in the middle with a measuring fork, then, using the measured diameter, calculate the area of ​​the circle and multiply it by the length of the trunk. As a result, we obtain the volume of the measured trunk. In table 1 shows data for determining the volume of the trunk based on the measured median diameter and height (length). In table 1 shows the most common heights and median diameters of trunks. It can be extended both in length and in diameter. This kind of table is often called cylinder volume tables. Using the table is very simple. Example. It is required to determine the volume of two trunks with a length of 21 and 11 m with a median diameter of 17 and 12 cm, respectively. To determine the volume of the first trunk according to the table. 1 we find in the first column on the left the number 21 m and on this line a column with a diameter of 17 cm; where they intersect is the number 0.4767. This means that the required volume is 0.4767 m3. The volume of the second trunk is found at the intersection of line 11 and column 12 cm; it is equal to 0.1244 m3. -It should be noted that when determining the volume by the median diameter, significant errors are possible and in most cases towards an underestimation of the actual volume (sometimes over 10%), but the calculations are made easily and quickly and are quite acceptable for practical purposes. If the volume of the trunk needs to be calculated with greater accuracy, then it is divided into parts and for each of them the volume is determined by the median diameter and length. The shorter these parts are and the more they are cut out of the trunk, the more accurate the result can be obtained based on the total volume. Usually the trunk is divided into 2 sections (Fig. 7). The work is performed as follows. The trunk is marked using a tape measure on the 2nd segments with small notches in their middles, then in the places of the notches, the diameters are measured with a measuring fork and using the table. 1 and 2 find the volumes of all parts, the sum of which gives the volume of the trunk, excluding the top.

Rice. 7. Splitting the tree into 2nd sections

In table Figure 2 shows the volumes of the 2nd segments along the median diameter. The volume of a peak less than 2 m long is usually so small that it is practically not taken into account. The volume of the vertex is calculated using the formula for the volume of a cone - multiplying the area of ​​the base by */3 of the height, i.e. the area of ​​the base should be multiplied by the length and the resulting product divided by three. In table Figure 3 shows data for determining the required volume based on the measured diameter of the base of the apex and its length. Example. You need to find the volume of a trunk 22 m long. The median diameters of the 2 segments are equal: the first (1 m from the bottom segment) 41; second (3 m) 37; third (5 m) 34; fourth (7 m) 31; fifth (9 m) 29; sixth (11 m) 27; the seventh (13 mU 24; the eighth (15 m) 21; the ninth (17 m) 17 and the tenth (19 m) 12 cm. The diameter of the base of the top (2 m long) is 8 cm.

When starting to build a house or make renovations, sometimes you have to face questions that seem simple at first glance, but you can’t answer them right away. It seems awkward to approach specialists with such a question, but you need to know for sure. For those who can go online, it’s easier - type in a search engine “How much does a cube of wood weigh” and in half a minute get a comprehensive result. By the way, really, how much?

The effect of humidity on the weight of wood

The weight of wood does not always have the same value. What does it depend on? First of all, from the moisture content of the wood. If we compare, for example, oak and birch, it turns out that a cubic meter of oak weighs 700 kg, and a birch weighs 600 kg. But it could be different. Weighing a cubic meter of birch, we get 900 kg, and oak will show the same 700. Or in both cases it will be 700 kg. Why do we get such different numbers? In this case, the moisture content of the wood plays a role.

There are four degrees of humidity: dry (10-18%), air-dry (19-23%), damp (24-45%) and wet (above 45%). Thus, it turns out that different rocks with the same humidity have different weights, as in the first example above. If the humidity is not the same, then the weight may fluctuate in one direction or another. The standard humidity is 12%.

Heat transfer from wood

In addition, there is another indicator - heat transfer. It will come to the aid of those who use wood as firewood for heating. The higher the hardness, i.e. The density of the wood species, the higher its calorific value. Of course, no one will heat a room with boxwood, but when choosing between linden and pine or birch and acacia, you can get much more heat if you know which of these species is the hardest. Information about the density of each tree can be gleaned from the tables, since all this information is systematized for ease of use.

Weight of a dense cubic meter, kg

The table shows average mass values. Possible maximum and minimum mass values ​​are 1.3 and 0.7, respectively, from its average value

For me, this question was a quiet horror; it was completely incomprehensible to me that how they were calculated, how they were calculated, although I had read a lot of articles. In simple terms, maternity pay is calculated to you a couple of weeks after going on maternity leave, it is calculated based on your income for the last 2 years before going on maternity leave, the maximum in 2015 was 219,000 thousand, and on maternity leave monthly payments begin to be transferred at the end of maternity leave, this period is indicated on the sick leave and up to 1.5 years, the maximum amount in 2016 is 19 thousand and kopecks. If you had a caesarean section, for example, then at work you are paid for sick leave and it is extended during the maternity leave period, that is, monthly payments are also postponed.

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Missing the deadline established for appealing the decision of the labor dispute commission is not a basis for refusing to accept the application. Having recognized the reasons for the absence as valid, the court may restore this period and consider the dispute on the merits. If the deadline is missed for no good reason, the application remains without consideration and, accordingly, the decision of the labor dispute commission remains a factor.

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Yes, and the registration of the buyer’s ownership of the apartment in the mortgage occurs simultaneously with the registration of the mortgage itself. The sales and purchase agreement and the loan agreement are submitted to the registration authority. The registration period for real estate credit transactions in Moscow is 7 calendar days. As a result, you will receive a registered agreement with two stamps of the registry office - on the registration of your ownership of the apartment and on the registration of the mortgage by force of law. In the register of rights to real estate, two rights will be registered for one piece of real estate - your property and the creditor's pledge.

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The situation is serious - the new owner in this case risks being left without everything. And there are plenty of examples. A friend of mine had a case. He bought a car for 450 thousand rubles and became its third owner. I didn't check the car when I bought it. A year later, bailiffs showed up and explained that the car was the property of the bank. The first owner stopped paying the loan, and the bailiffs decided to take the car. A friend had to pay someone else’s debt of 200 thousand rubles in order to keep his car. Later it turned out that the previous owner did not even know that the vehicle was pledged.”

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In the section Other areas of business, to the question People, can someone tell me, can I, a citizen of Belarus, open an individual entrepreneur on the territory of the Russian Federation? And what you need to do? asked by the author Vladimir Kachan the best answer is this Any capable citizen who has reached the age of majority can engage in entrepreneurial activity, except for civil servants and military personnel. Persons with limited legal capacity (those who abuse alcohol or drugs, as well as minors aged 14 to 18 years) can engage in entrepreneurial activities only with the consent of their legal representatives. The status of an individual entrepreneur is possible not only for citizens of the Russian Federation, but also for foreign citizens, as well? for stateless persons.

Wood has been used in construction work since ancient times.
Of course, this material is still very popular due to its excellent technical characteristics. Wood itself is a natural material of a structured type, consisting of wood cells and pericellular voids, which in turn does not at all guarantee that one part of the wood will be equal to another of identical size. Therefore, so often, in the process of work, the question arises of calculating the required amount of a given material and such parameters as: the weight of the wood as a whole and the weight of a cube of wood. Weight of wood species depending on the type in the table

Depending on the type of construction work, wood needs to be measured differently. The density of the material has a special significance on the weight of m3 of wood; accordingly, to correctly solve the questions posed, it is necessary to determine the value of the density. There are two types of density:

Specific gravity (density of wood substance)

Volumetric weight (density of a structured physical body)

Wood substance is a mass of solid wood materials without natural voids. This type of density is measured in laboratory conditions, as it requires additional measurements that are impossible under normal conditions. For each wood of all types and species of trees, this value is constant and amounts to 1540 kg/m3.

The density of the wood itself is quite easy to determine under normal conditions. To do this, just weigh a piece of wood and measure its volume. Process the obtained data using standard arithmetic operations using the following formula: Y = M/O, where Y is the specific gravity of the tree, M is the mass of the wood, O is the occupied volume.

How to calculate the volume of a log?

1. Determine the type of calculation : number of pieces in cubes (cube) or pieces in cubes;
2. Choose the first option if you need to calculate the amount of logs in a cube (for example, how much is in 1 m3);
3. Choose the second option if you need to calculate the volume of the selected amount of logs;

Table of volumetric weight of 1m3 of wood depending on humidity.

The density of wood matter, as already said, is a constant. However, wood has a multicellular fibrous structure of a complex type. Walls made of wood substance play the role of a frame in the structure of wood. Accordingly, for each tree species and species, the cellular structures, shapes and sizes of cells vary, as a result of which the specific gravity of the tree will be different, as well as the different weight of m3 of the tree.

Also, humidity plays a big role in changing the specific gravity of wood. Due to the structure of this material, with increasing humidity, the density of wood also increases. However, this rule does not apply to the density of wood substances.

Below is the specific gravity of wood. The table is compiled depending on the moisture content of the material and is calculated using an indicator such as the weight of 1m3 of wood.

When organizing timber transportation, the density of the tree is an important indicator when selecting a timber truck and calculating the cost of transportation. This will help avoid overloading, which will consequently prevent you from being fined.

The density of the material has a special significance on the weight of m3 of wood; accordingly, to correctly solve the questions posed, it is necessary to determine the value of the density. There are two types of density: volumetric weight

(density of the structured physical body) and
specific gravity
(density of the wood substance).

Specific gravity of wood

Wood substance is a mass of solid wood materials without natural voids. This type of density is measured in laboratory conditions, as it requires additional measurements that are impossible under normal conditions. For each wood of all types and species of trees, this value is constant and amounts to 1540 kg/m3. However, wood has a multicellular fibrous structure of a complex type. Walls made of wood substance play the role of a frame in the structure of wood. Accordingly, for each tree species and species, the cellular structures, shapes and sizes of cells vary, as a result of which the specific gravity of the tree will be different, as well as the different weight of m3 of the tree.

Also, humidity plays a big role in changing the specific gravity of wood. Due to the structure of this material, with increasing humidity, the density of wood also increases. However, this rule does not apply to the density of wood substances.

Table of wood densities of different humidity levels (kg/m3).

*Fresh. — Freshly cut tree

Table for calculating cubic capacity of round timber