Methodological development of an open lesson on types of woodworking methodological development on technology (grade 7) on the topic

"Joiner" redirects here. For Fred Frith's album, see Woodwork (Fred Frith's album).

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The process of making objects from wood

Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures.
Woodworking

is the activity or skill of making objects from wood, and includes cabinet making (cabinet making and furniture), wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and wood turning.

Content

• 1 History 1.1 Ancient Egypt
• 1.2 Ancient Rome
• 1.3 Ancient China

Wood processing equipment

Obtaining high-quality raw materials for the production of final products largely depends on the correct selection of equipment. These can be machines and units for producing a special type of raw material, for example, veneer is needed to produce plywood, or maybe equipment for processing wood waste, such as sawdust, shavings or wood chips. An industrial approach to the process of procuring raw materials requires the use of different types of installations. For example, obtaining wood chips or sawdust is necessary not only for quick processing, but also for ease of transportation and storage. After all, it is much easier to chop branches, cutting boards and slabs and load the wood chips into a container or car body than to store them and then have to worry about loading illiquid goods. That is why both stationary and mobile shredding plants are used for wood processing.

Wood waste shredders

The chipper is mainly used for the primary processing of large branches, small logs and slabs. This unit is often carried out in the form of a mobile complex for work in logging and sanitary cutting of plantings in urban areas. The operation of the machine resembles the movement of a guillotine - the knife cuts the tree with great force and frequency, turning it into small firebrands, and then the crusher completes the process, crushing it into chips.

Knife crushers

This device makes it possible to immediately process wood into chips of the desired size. The working body of this shredder is a cassette of circular knives, similar to a circular wheel. The teeth of the knives bite into the wood at high speed, resulting in small chips. Such a slab crusher can use not only fresh lumber, but also wood that has already been used, including with fasteners.

Hammer crushers

Hammer crushers for wood use the impact principle of splitting fibers. Several cast steel heads are mounted on a massive disk on a movable joint - hammers. Rotating at high speed, the disk accelerates the hammers, which, when they hit the array, cause it to break into small pieces.

Furnaces

Stationary and mobile furnaces are used to produce charcoal. The operating principle of this unit is the high-temperature splitting of wood into volatile gases and carbon compounds. During the pyrolysis process, unstable compounds are burned, leaving only charcoal.

Machine tools

Most often, special sawdust production machines are used to produce fine-grained sawdust - the main raw material for cellulose and viscose. Factories use stationary machines, and for logging conditions a mobile version of such units is used.

Story

Ancient Egyptian Woodworking
Along with stone, clay and animal parts, wood was one of the first materials processed by early people. Analysis of microfibers from Moustier stone tools used by Neanderthals shows that many worked in wood. The development of civilization was closely related to the development of skills in working with these materials.

A woodworking shop in Germany, 1568, the worker in front using a bow saw, the one in the background planing.

Early finds of wooden tools include crafted sticks from Kalambo Falls, Clacton-on-Sea and Lehringen. In spears from Schöningen (Germany) we present some of the first examples of wooden hunting equipment. Flint tools were used for carving. Since Neolithic times, carved wooden vessels are known, for example, from the Linear pottery culture wells in Kückhofen and Eitra.

Examples of Bronze Age wood carvings include tree trunks worked into coffins from northern Germany and Denmark and wooden folding chairs. The site from Fellbach-Schmieden in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the Iron Age. wooden idols from the La Tène period are known from the sanctuary at the source of the Seine in France.

Ancient Egypt

There is significant evidence of advanced woodworking in ancient Egypt.[1] Woodworking is depicted in many surviving ancient Egyptian paintings, as well as in a significant number of ancient Egyptian paintings. furniture (eg stools, chairs, tables, beds, chests) have been preserved. The tombs are a large collection of these artifacts, and the inner coffins found in the tombs were also made of wood. The metal used by the Egyptians for woodworking tools was initially copper and eventually, after 2000 BC. bronze as a treatment of iron was unknown until much later.[2]

Included are commonly used woodworking tools: axes, adzes, chisels, pull saws, and bow drills. Mortise and tenon joints are attested from the earliest Predynastic period. These joints were reinforced with pegs, dowels and natural leather or lashing cord. Animal glue did not come into use until the New Kingdom Period.[3] The ancient Egyptians invented the art of veneering and used varnishes for finishing, although the composition of these varnishes is unknown. Although a variety of native acacias were used, as was wood from local sycamore and tamarisk trees, deforestation in the Nile Valley led to the need to import wood, especially cedar, but also Aleppo pine, boxwood and oak, beginning in the Second Dynasty.[4]

Ancient Rome

Woodworking was important to the Romans. It served, sometimes as the only material, for construction, transportation, tools and household items. Wood also provided pipes, dyes, waterproofing materials, and energy for heat.[5]:1Although most examples of Roman woodworking have been lost,[5]:2 literary records preserve much of modern knowledge. Vitruvius devotes an entire chapter of his De Architectura to wood, preserving many details.[6] Pliny, although not a botanist, dedicated six of his books. A natural history of trees and woody plants, providing extensive information about trees and their uses.[7]

Ancient China

The founders of Chinese woodworking are considered to be Lu Ban (魯班) and his wife Lady Yong from the Spring and Autumn Period (771 to 476 BC). Lu Ban is said to have introduced the plane, chalk and other instruments to China. His teachings allegedly remained in the book Lu Ban Jing

(魯班經, "Lu Ban's Manuscript").
Despite this, the text is believed to have been written approximately 1,500 years after his death. This book is mainly filled with descriptions of the dimensions used in the construction of various objects such as flower pots, tables, altars, etc., and also contains detailed instructions on Feng Shui. It says almost nothing about the intricate glueless and nailing devices. carpentry for which Chinese furniture was so famous. Damascene carpenters turning wood for mashrabiya and hook, 19th century. And a Micronesian from Tobi, Palau makes an oar for his adze.

Other types

Mechanical is the most common, but not the only woodworking method. To obtain intermediate materials, as well as finished products, use:

• pressing;
• bending;
• hydrothermal treatment;
• drying;
• steaming;
• gluing;
• impregnation.

Thanks to all these types of wood processing and finishing, it is possible to obtain products used in construction, the furniture industry, the manufacture of decorative elements, and other things. In general, the range of materials and products obtained from wood processing is very extensive.

Modern day

With the development of modern technology and industrial requirements, the woodworking industry has changed. The development of computer numerical control programs (CNC machines, for example, has allowed us to produce and mass-produce products faster, with less waste, and often more complex in design than ever before. CNC wood routers can cut complex and detailed shapes on a flat piece to create signs or works of art. Rechargeable power tools speed up the creation of many projects and require much less frame strength than before, such as when drilling multiple holes. However, skilled woodworking remains a craft practiced by many. Demand for handcrafted products, such as furniture and art are preserved, but given the rate of production and cost of production, the cost to consumers is much higher.

Main sources of wood waste

Today, much attention is paid to the problem of finding new sources of raw materials, and it is not surprising that in the issue of wood processing, work is constantly being done in order to minimize the generation of waste during production. But even with this, the wood processing industry is still far from 100% use of wood raw materials. The entire technological chain of wood processing from felling timber to the release of finished commercial products has simply huge losses in the form of waste from sawing and bucking, as well as unprocessed parts of trees - what remains in the ground - stumps and rhizomes.

The main volume of waste from the first stage of wood processing is sawdust. Lumber production is often unable to process sawdust, especially for small enterprises with primitive technology. For them, these are additional expenses that simply do not pay off.

Large forestry and wood processing enterprises with modern technology often include production waste processing in the production cycle. Thus, processing of shavings, substandard and defective products at plywood mills and factories for the production of wood boards makes it possible to save on energy resources.

Almost all enterprises producing building materials, packaging and finished wood products today have a waste-free production cycle. Here, not only commercial timber and raw materials are used, but also what could simply be written off as firewood or even left to rot in the felling area. The processing of this category of wood is carried out by chippers that cope with slabs, branches and twigs, and substandard tree trunks.

Materials

Historically, woodworkers relied on the forests native to their region until transportation and trade innovations made more exotic species available to artisans. Woods are generally divided into three main types: hardwoods are typical grains and are obtained from broad-leaved trees, softwoods are made from coniferous trees, and man-made materials such as plywood and MDF.

Deciduous trees, botanically known as angiosperms, are deciduous and shed their leaves annually as temperatures change.[8] Conifers come from trees botanically known as gymnosperms, which are coniferous, cone-shaped, and remain green year-round.[8] Despite the general picture, softwood is not always “softer” than hardwood, and vice versa.[9]

Softwood wood is most often found in regions of the world with cooler temperatures and is generally less durable, lighter in weight, and more vulnerable to pests and fungi compared to hardwood wood. They typically have a lighter color and more open grain than hardwood, which contributes to the tendency of felled softwood to shrink and swell as it dries.[9] Softwood wood typically has a lower density, around 432-592 kg/m³, which can reduce its strength.[9] Density, however, varies for both softwoods and hardwoods depending on the geographic origin and growth rate of the wood. However, softwood's lower density also allows it to have greater strength at less weight. In the United States, softwood lumber is generally cheaper, more readily available, and more widely available.[9] Most softwoods are suitable for general construction, especially for framing, trim and trim, and for framing.[10][9]

Hardwoods are divided into two categories: temperate hardwoods and tropical hardwoods, depending on their origin. Temperate hardwoods are native to regions between the tropics and the poles and are of particular interest to woodworkers because of their cost-effective aesthetic appeal and environmentally friendly sourcing.[9] Tropical hardwoods are found in the equatorial region, including Africa, Asia and South America. Hardwood has a higher density, around 1041 kg/m³ due to slower growth rates, and is more stable when dried.[9] Because of its high density, hardwood is typically heavier than softwood, but can also be more brittle.[9] Although there are many species of hardwood, only 200 of them are common enough and malleable enough to be used for woodworking.[11] Hardwoods have a wide range of properties, making it easy to find hardwoods suitable for almost any purpose, but they are especially suitable for outdoor use due to their strength and resistance to rot and decay.[9] Hardwood varies in color from light to very dark, making it especially versatile from an aesthetic point of view. However, because hardwoods are finer-grained, they are generally more difficult to work with than softwoods. They are also more difficult to obtain in the United States and, as a result, more expensive.[9]

Woodworking hand tools used in classes at a women's woodshop in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Typically furniture such as tables and chairs are made from hardwood due to its strength and resistance to warping.[10] In addition, they also have a greater variety of textures and colors and better surface finish, allowing the woodworker greater artistic freedom. Hardwood can be cut cleaner and leave less residue on saw blades and other woodworking tools.[10] Cabinet/fixture manufacturers use plywood and other faux panel products. Some furniture, such as a carved wooden chair, involve green wood processing, shaping the wood to retain its natural moisture before drying.

Common softwoods used for furniture

Cedar

Cedar is a strong, aromatic softwood that can withstand the elements, the most common of which is Western red cedar. Western red cedar can withstand humid environments without rotting and is therefore commonly used for outdoor projects such as patios, outdoor furniture and building exteriors. This wood can be easily found at most home centers at a reasonable price.[12]

Fir

In the US, spruce, also known as Douglas fir, is very inexpensive and common in local home centers. It has a characteristic straight, pronounced grain with a red-brown tint. However, its grain structure is relatively simple and does not stain easily, so fir is typically used when the finished product will be painted. Although this wood is commonly used for construction, it is also suitable for making furniture.[12]

pine

White pine, ponderosa and southern yellow pine are common species used in furniture making. White pine and ponderosa pine are commonly used for interior applications, while southern yellow pine is recommended for exterior applications due to its durability.[13]

Common hardwoods used for furniture

Ash

This hardwood is relatively easy to work with and tolerates stains well, but its white to light brown, straight-grain color is visually appealing in its own right. However, ash is much more difficult to find than other common woods and cannot be found at your local store. It should be available in large lumberyards.[12]

Birch

Whether yellow or white birch, these hardwoods are stable and easy to work with. Despite this, birch is prone to staining when stained, so birch products are probably best painted. Birch is easy to find in many home stores and is a relatively inexpensive hardwood.[12]

cherry

Popular and easy to work with, cherry is in high demand due to its reddish-brown color and ease of staining and finishing. Chances are the cherries won't be available at your local store, but they should be in stock at a fairly high price.[12] This hardwood is a very common furniture material and is resistant to normal wear and tear, but is best suited for home furnishings.[14]

Red tree

A hardwood, mahogany has a signature reddish-brown to dark red hue and is known as “one of the finest furniture woods.” However, redwood is not typically grown in sustainable forests and therefore commands a very high price at local lumberyards.[12]

oak

Two grades of oak, red and white, are known to be easy to work with and relatively durable. However, furniture makers often prefer white oak to red oak due to its attractive grain and moisture resistance.[12] Depending on the grade needed, oak can likely be found at your local store or lumber yard at a higher price than other hardwoods.[15][12][14]

Maple

With strength, durability, and durability, maple is a common material for bedroom furniture and even china cabinets. Maple is moisture resistant and often has noticeable curls in the wood grain, which is an aesthetic difference from other hardwoods. Although most often a lighter color, maple also tolerates stains and stains well.[14]

Factors when choosing materials

There are many factors to consider when deciding which wood to use for a project. One of the most important factors is the wood's workability: how it reacts to hand work or tools, the quality of the grain, and how it reacts to adhesives and finishes.[9] When wood's workability is high, it provides less cutting resistance and less dulling of tools.[9] Well-processed wood is easier to shape into the desired shape. If the grain of the wood is straight and even, it will be much easier to create strong and durable adhesive joints. It will also help protect the wood from splitting when nailed or screwed.[9] Large grains require a lengthy process of filing and rubbing the grain to obtain a smooth result.[9]

Another important factor to consider is the durability of the wood, especially in relation to moisture. If the finished project will be exposed to moisture (such as outdoors), high humidity, or condensation (such as in kitchens or bathrooms), then the wood will need to be especially durable to prevent rotting. Because of their oily properties, many tropical hardwoods such as teak and mahogany are popular for such applications.[9]

Wood with good working properties[9]

Agba (G ossweilerodendron

balsamiferum)

Alder ( Alnus

glutinosa)

Linden ( Tilia

Americana)

Obeah ( Triplochiton

scleroxylon)

Pine ( Pinus)

Western cedar ( Thuja

fold
)

Very durable wood[9]

Teak ( Tektona

grandis)

Iron ( Milicia excelsa)

Jarrah ( Eucalyptus

marginata)

Chestnut ( Castanea)

Oak ( Quercus)

Cedar ( Thuja)

Wood used for carving

Although many types of wood can be used for carving, there are a few clear favorites, including aspen, basswood, walnut, black walnut, and oak.[16] Basswood is especially popular among beginning carvers because it has almost no fibers and is very soft. It is used in many inexpensive instruments such as guitars and electric basses.[16] Aspen is just as soft, although a little harder, and is readily available and inexpensive.[16] Nutmeg has a deeper hue than basswood and aspen and has a beautiful texture that is easy to carve, making it beginner-friendly. Also suitable for furniture.[16] Although more expensive than basswood, aspen, and nutmeg, black walnut is a popular choice for its rich color and texture.[16] Finally, oak is a strong, durable and versatile carving wood with a distinct grain. It is also a popular wood for making furniture.[16]

Types and characteristics of woodworking industries

Production is understood as one of four types of operating activities aimed at converting raw materials into products with their subsequent sale (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Tetrahedron of operations

Products are manufactured at various enterprises, which can be classified according to many criteria, including:

• production volume or size: small, medium, large;
• industry affiliation: logging, sawmills, wood processing, pulp and paper, furniture, etc.;
• breadth of production profile: specialized and diversified;
• organizational and legal form: OJSC – open joint-stock company; CJSC – closed joint stock company; LLC – limited liability company, etc.

Specialized enterprises produce structurally and/or technologically homogeneous products, for example, only lumber, or only plywood, or only cabinet furniture, etc.

Diversified enterprises produce not one, but several types of goods using both one and several types of raw materials and materials. Both direct and reverse diversification based on one resource – wood – are widespread in the timber processing industry.

Direct diversification is understood as the development of production with an expansion of the range of products by deepening the degree of wood processing, for example, on the basis of a specialized sawmill, a workshop for the production of laminated veneer lumber and beams is being created, which will increase production efficiency. Reverse diversification involves the development of the production process down the technological chain, for example, the organization of a logging workshop at a sawmill, which reduces transaction costs.

Each enterprise is an element of the country’s economic relations system and is a complex production system, the set of elements of which depends on the size of the enterprise, its legal form and other factors.

Production elements are classified according to the method of cost formation (Fig. 2).

General Tools

There are many tools that can be used for woodworking. Each area of ​​woodworking requires different tools. Both power tools and hand tools are used for woodworking. Many modern carpenters prefer to use power tools in their work for added ease and time savings. However, many still prefer to use only hand tools for several reasons such as experience and the special nature of the job. Although some people prefer to use only hand tools just for their own pleasure.

Hand tools

Hand tools are classified as tools that receive power only from the hands that hold them. The most common modern hand tools are:

Clamps

Clamps are used to hold the workpiece while cutting, drilling or gluing. Clips vary in shape and size, from small c-clamps to very large bar or belt clips.[17]

Chisels

Chisels are tools with a long blade, cutting edge and handle. Used for cutting and shaping wood or other materials.[17]

Hammer with claws

A claw hammer is the best choice for anyone who does woodworking because it can be used to drive nails or pry open joints.[17]

Square

The square is used to measure ideal angles on any workpiece. There are many different types of squares available. The most common is the speed square.[17]

Roulette

And the tape measure is a retractable ruler with measuring increments of only 1/32 inches. It is the most convenient type of measuring instrument due to its small size and ease of use.[17]

Power tools

Power tools are tools that are powered by an external power source, such as a battery, motor, or power cord plugged into an outlet. Most common power tools:[17]

Drill

A drill is a tool used to drill a hole or insert a screw into a workpiece.[17]

Sander

A palm sander is a low-drive sander that uses either vibration or orbital motion to move a piece of sandpaper across the workpiece, making very subtle changes as it smoothes your product.[17]

Mithra saw

A compound miter saw, also known as a butcher saw, is a stationary saw used to make precise cuts across the grain path of a board. These cuts can be made at any selected angle that the saw is capable of.[17]

Table saw

A table saw, on the other hand, is designed to make long, precise cuts along the grain of a board, known as rip cuts. Most table saws offer rip and bevel capabilities.[17]

Planing machine

Planers are used to smooth the surface of the board and give it a precise thickness throughout the board. Hand planers are used only for surfacing a board or workpiece while removing more material than a sander.[17]

Band-saw

[17]

A vertical band saw uses a long, belt-shaped blade (blade) to make cuts such as sharp corners or even to cut round material safely. Sometimes people think that a band saw and a scroll saw have the same performance, but this is wrong. There is a difference between a band saw and a scroll saw. The band saw is a surprisingly powerful tool for cutting wood. [18]

Wood processing methods

But, despite the absence of a separate federal law on the disposal of wood processing waste, science is actively searching for new and modernizing old technologies for processing wood materials. Today, wood processing methods represent three main areas:

• production of lumber;
• production of semi-finished products for further production of final products;
• processing of waste from wood processing;
• advanced wood processing;

The most interesting and promising direction in the development of wood processing technology is complex wood processing, which involves obtaining a product using 95-97% of raw materials. To do this, in contrast to primitive mechanical methods, more technologically advanced methods are used to obtain finished products or semi-finished products for further production:

• biological methods;
• chemical methods;

All these methods are more expensive than conventional crushing or peeling of wood, but the resulting product is also more valuable - from office paper and viscose fibers to turpentine and valuable wood oils and resins.

Biological methods

The simplest method of processing wood waste is the biological method. The final product of such processing is compost, a valuable fertilizer rich in humus. During the processing process, shavings, sawdust and wood chips decompose under the influence of bacteria, forming a valuable product for increasing soil fertility. In the traditional form, special bunkers or open areas are used; in the latest technological solutions, the entire procedure is controlled by a computer, conducting the process in such a way as to obtain humus at the right time with predetermined parameters of humidity and oxygen saturation.

Mechanical methods

Mechanical processing of wood allows us to obtain the necessary raw materials for the production of wood panels, building materials, semi-finished products for the production of cellulose, wood alcohol and ordinary lumber. Mechanical processing is used in the form of cutting, crushing, and obtaining veneer. The cut is used to make lumber. As a result of this process, edged and unedged boards, timber, slats are obtained; slabs and sawdust are considered waste. Crushing wood makes it possible to obtain raw materials for the manufacture of slabs and sheets, and filler for building materials. As a result of crushing, chips of different fractions are obtained - from the smallest for fiberboard to large, used for the production of wood-oriented boards.

Chemical methods

Chemical processing of wood allows, with the help of chemically active substances, to obtain new valuable compounds, the use of which is necessary in the production technology of paper, alcohol, rosin, solvents, resins and varnishes. Chemical methods use different technologies - from obtaining a homogeneous cellulose mass to gaseous compounds such as carbon dioxide.

Wood pyrolysis

High-temperature heating without access to air allows wood to be broken down into simple substances, resulting in the formation of charcoal - a valuable fuel and a necessary raw material for metallurgy, liquid substances such as phenols and formaldehydes, and gaseous combustible substances such as methane. Despite the fact that this process requires special equipment, this technology can be used in production for a variety of purposes. For example, cars that have a gas generator unit that runs on wood are still used.

Hydrolysis method

The main product of wood hydrolysis is wood ethanol. This method produces 200 liters of pure ethanol from 1 ton of wood. Hydrolysis treatment has a number of intermediate stages, resulting in a cellulose mass from which ethanol is distilled.

Gasification of wood

To obtain gaseous fuel, the wood gasification method is used. This method is based on the process of decomposition of wood molecules and the transformation of simple substances into gas with a small, dosed supply of air during high-temperature heating. After obtaining a saturated gas, the process of removing liquid from it and purifying it from carbon dioxide occurs. The result is a high-calorie gas suitable for use in industrial power plants. The gasification device is capable of processing not only solid wood, but also sawdust, wood chips and other types of wood waste.

Famous carpenters

See also: List of furniture designers

• Alvar Aalto
• Norm Abram
• John Boson
• Frank E. Cummings III
• Henning Engelsen
• Wharton Esherick
• Tage Fried
• Alexander Grabovetsky
• Greta Hopkinson
• James Krenov
• Mark Lindquist
• Sal Maccarone
• Thomas J. MacDonald
• John Makepeace
• Sam Maloof
• David J. Marks
• Judy Kensley McKie
• George Nakashima
• Jerry Osgood
• Alan Peters
• Matthias Plissnig
• André Jacob Roubaud
• Paul Sellers
• Evert Sodergren
• Roseanne Somerson
• Henry O. Studley
• Roy Underhill
• Wendy Maruyama

see also

• Boat construction
• Making a cabinet
• Carpentry work
• Ébéniste
• Fire resistance
• Glossary of woodworking terms
• Green wood processing
• History of construction
• History of wood carving
• Intarsia
• Japanese carpentry
• carving art
• Luthier
• Joinery
• Puppet
• Marquetry
• Saw
• Segmented turning
• Sloyd, a trade training system
• Wooden church
• Studio furniture
• Tack cloth
• Wooden frame
• Transformation
• Wood carving
• Wood glue
• Wood Inlay
• Wood turning
• Woodworking workbench

Use of wood waste

Implementing the idea of ​​processing wood waste as a business project actually allows you not only to solve the problem of recycling industrial waste, but also to provide a good profit.

The simplest and most reasonable project may be the production of fuel briquettes from sawdust and shavings. The shavings can also be used to make building blocks with good thermal insulation properties. Even the procurement of raw materials for factories and workshops producing chipboard and fiberboard can also provide a good profit. Even in small enterprises, the use of modern waste processing equipment makes it possible to reduce production costs and provide additional income through the production of related products.

As you can see, the introduction of new wood processing technologies opens up additional opportunities for obtaining benefits from the production of products from waste. The prospect of this area of ​​activity lies in the fact that the full use of wood allows us to reduce the volume of deforestation and thereby ensure the preservation of nature. In the near future, this approach will not only reduce the volume of new fellings, but also enable new forests to grow in place of industrial harvesting.

Recommendations

1. Killen, Geoffrey (1994). Egyptian woodworking and furniture
   . Shira Publications. ISBN 0747802394.
2. Leospo, Enrichetta (2001), "Woodworking in Ancient Egypt", The Art of Woodworking
   , Turin: Museo Egizio, para. 20
3. Leospo, pp. 20–21.
4. Leospo, pp. 17–19.
5. ^ a b
   Ulrich, Roger B. (2008).
   Novel Woodworking
   . Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300134605. OCLC 192003268.
6. Vitruvius. De Architectura
   . 1:2.9.1.
7. Pliny (1938). Natural History
   .
8. ^ a b
   “Differences between American and Tropical Hardwoods |
   Distributors of hardwood." www.hardwooddistributors.org
   . Received 2018-04-16.
9. ^ a b c d f f gram h i j k l m p o p q
   Stephen, Corbett (2012).
   Wood Practitioner: A Detailed Step-by-Step Course in Woodworking
   . Freeman, John. Wigston: Southwater. ISBN 978-1780192208. OCLC 801605649.
10. ^ a b c
    Korn, Peter (2003).
    Woodworking Basics: Mastering the Basics of the Craft
    . Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 156158620X. OCLC 51810586.
11. "Lumber Buying Guide." www.lowes.com
    . Received 2018-04-16.
12. ^ a b c d f f gram hour
    “Wood species for woodworking - dummies.”
    mannequins
    _ Received 2018-04-16.
13. "Working with pine, tips and tricks for success." Forest Journal
    . Meredith Corporation. March 2003. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
14. ^ a b c
    “The best wood for making furniture with your own hands.” 2015-06-10. Received 2018-04-16.
15. "Basics of woodworking." Retrieved March 23, 2015.
16. ^ a b c d f f
    “The best types of wood for carving |
    Hardwood Distributors. www.hardwooddistributors.org
    . 2015-05-19. Received 2018-04-16.
17. ^ a b c d f g gram h i j k l
    “40 Best Woodworking Tools.” 2013-04-13.
18. "The Difference Between a Band Saw and a Scroll Saw." Woodworking Arena
    . 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2020-07-05.

Recommendations

• Feyrer, John L. (1988). Carpentry and joinery
  . Mission Hills California: Glencoe Publishing. ISBN 0-02-675950-0.
• Fried, Tage (1979). Tage Fried teaches woodworking
  . Newton, CT: Taunton Press. ISBN 0-918804-03-5.
• Joyce, Edward (1987). Encyclopedia of furniture production
  . revised and expanded by Alan Peters. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8069-6440-5.
• Roubaud, André Jacob (1769–1784). The Art of the Carpenter
  . Paris: French Academy of Sciences.

further reading

• Naylor, Andrew. A review of the woodworking literature with special reference to sawing
  . BioRes, April 2013

Law on mandatory recycling of wood waste

A big step forward would be a legislative regulation of the issue of waste management. But, alas, today the finalization, consideration and adoption of such a legislative act has been postponed until a later time. In the meantime, until 2022, another regulatory framework is being developed, which will partially regulate the disposal of wood waste. In particular, a number of acts related to the classification of wood that can be further processed are undergoing examination; an expert assessment and verification of the technology for processing and recycling of wood materials is carried out.